1. © 2009 OSU Canola in the Classroom

2.  IPM uses all tools available for controlling pests  Chemical, cultural, mechanical, and biological tools  Majority of any IPM takes place before seeding canola  Requires forward planning and good knowledge of pest life cycles

3.  Pay attention to previous herbicide applications  Canola has difficulty competing with established weeds  Once established, winter canola will suppress and out-compete most annual weeds

4.  Varieties available for Fall planting and summer harvest  RR varieties contain in-plant tolerance to Roundup herbicides  Apply Roundup anytime from emergence throughout pre-bolting  Never apply once flowering has started  1 to 1.5 pints per acre application rate

5. Henbit Common Chickweed Japanese Brome Cheat Rescue Grass Feral Rye Jointed Goatgrass

6. Italian RyeWild OatsVolunteer Wheat FlixweedField PennycressShepardspurse

7. Above: Blue Mustard Right: Wild Mustard Left: Bushy Wallflower Below: Tumble Mustard

8.  Can attack at any growth stage  Soil borne  Seed borne  Air borne

9.  Most serious threat to canola  Survives in infected seed, stubble and on certain weeds.  Black pimple-like structures-pycnidia  Shallow white to gray lesions on the leaf or stem.  Leaf spots are round to irregular and usually tan to buff in color with pycnidia present

10.  Fungus  Appears when warm, wet conditions occur during flowering  First symptom-presence of prematurely ripened plants  White moldy growth on surface of stem and pods  Hard black structures(sclerotia) on stem near soil line  Sclerotia germinate to produce golf-tee shaped structures- release spores  Symptoms appear 10-14 days after infection

12.  Fungus  All aboveground parts of the plant are susceptible  Black, brown, or gray spots on the leaves, stems and pods  Spots often surrounded by a light green or yellow halo  Survives in infested crop residue, infested seed and some weeds

13.  Phytoplasm-bacteria-like, plant pathogenic micro organism  Plants remain in vegetative state during entire growing season  Plants infected fail to set pods, produce blue green, sterile, hollow bladders in place of normal pods  Plants remain greener and taller than uninfected plants at harvest  Spread from plant to plant by the aster leafhopper

14.  Scouting should be done November through harvest  Insects reduce yields by defoliating plants or attacking buds or seed pods  Chemical pesticides are rarely economically or environmentally justifiable

15.  Attack cotyledons at emergence  Produce pits or shot holes in first true leaves  Overwinter and attack canola in the spring

16.  Most important insect pest of canola  Green peach and Turnip aphids feed on the underside of canola leaves  Cabbage aphids colonize the terminal buds late in the season  Seed treatment as a preventative approach  Canola can recover from aphid infestation if caught early

17.  Cabbage aphids reproduce in stalk inside the cluster of flowers  Ladybugs have difficulty penetrating the cluster to eat aphids  Scout fields several times during flowering  For every aphid per plant 0.5 pound of seed yield is lost

18.  Start scouting after emergence  Attack larger canola that was seeded early  Overwinter and feed in the crown in canola plants  Larval infestations of crown can be mistaken for winterkill  To scout pull up a few plants and tap the crowns on a sheet of white paper

19.  Problem during cold, wet growing seasons  Defoliate plants in the spring and summer

20.  Treat if 5-10 false chinch bugs occur in flowering racemes  Treat if 10-20 false chinch bugs occur on racemes during early pod set  Fall infestations can cause stand loss