1. How Scientists Use Journals: Electronic and Print Carol Tenopir ctenopir@utk.edu Donald W. King dwking@pitt.edu

2. Carol Tenopir and Donald W. King. Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Scientists, Librarians, and Publishers. Washington, D.C.: Special Libraries Association, 2000.

3. Studies from 2000 to the Present ORNL engineers, chemists, and physicists University of Tennessee medical faculty University of Tennessee social science, engineering, and science faculty American Astronomical Society (AAS) members

4. Data From: 15,000 scientists All fields of science University and non-university settings Over 100 organizations

5. Audiences Scientists/Researchers Publishers Librarians Funders

6. Lesson 1: More scientists mean more literature and more options

7. Facts Behind the Numbers Growth of journal literature is correlated with the number of scientists 1 article per 10 scientists

8. Mayur Amin & Michael Mabe 2000, SSP 22nd Annual Meeting May 31-June 2, 2000 R&D workers, journals and articles

9. Growth in Size of Journals The number of journal titles is going down a bit The number of journal articles per title is going up dramatically The number of pages per article is going down

10. Periodicals Total number of periodicals ~250000 Number of refereed scholarly periodicals 17562 Number of online refereed scholarly periodicals 10195

11. Lesson 2: Scientists read a lot

12. Facts Behind the Numbers Citation counts and authorship underestimates readings 70% of all readings are done by non- academicians Also many readings by students and others

13. Average Number of Scholarly Article Readings Per Year

14. Scholarly Article Readings by Work Field Engineers ~ 72 articles per year Physicists ~ 204 articles per year Astronomers ~231 articles per year Chemists ~ 276 articles per year University medical faculty ~ 322 articles per year

15. Time Spent Reading

16. Time Spent Reading by Work Field

17. Time spent reading per article University Medical Faculty 22 minutes per article Chemists43 minutes per article Physicists45 minutes per article Engineers81 minutes per article Astronomers28 minutes per article

18. Lesson 3: The Information in Journal Articles is Essential

19. Facts Behind the Numbers Approx. 50% of readings contain information that is new to the reader Over 35% of readings are of articles older than one year Older articles tend to be more valuable to scientists’ work

20. Age of Digital Articles Read

22. Usefulness of Article Content Achievers read more than others Many purposes of reading Journals are important compared with other resources

23. Value of Article Content Considerable savings result Improved productivity, quality, and timeliness of work Users are “willing to pay” for information in time

24. Lesson 4: Readers are price sensitive

25. Average Annual Price Increase (%) in Scientific Journals

26. Average Price Per Title: Science Journals 1996-2000 Source: Library Journal, April 15, 2000

27. Average Number of Personal Subscriptions to Scholarly Journals

28. Lesson 5: Scientists use a variety of ways to get journal articles

29. Proportion of Readings of Scholarly Scientific Articles

30. Electronic Articles Reading E-journals E-prints Other Total AAS 52.7% 21.6% 5.3% 79.6% ORNL 17.3% 3.6% 14% 34.9% UTK 15% ~15% 5% ~35%

31. Preferred Formats (AAS)

32. Sources of reading- ORNL scientists

33. Lesson 6: The Journal Model is Important for Core Journals

34. Sources of Readings Scientists appear to be reading from more journals—at least one article per year from approximately 23 journals, up from 13 in the late 1970s and 18 in the mid-1990s. % and amount of readings from separate copies use of personal subscriptions

35. Sources of readings by medical faculty

36. Number of Separate Copies of Articles Received by Scientists 19771993-1998 ILL/Document Delivery 4 million>40 million Other39 million>60 million 43 million>100 million

37. Aspects of Journal Readings Scientists read from an increasing number of journals each year Half are read less than five times Only one of 26 have over 25 readings High reading titles form a core in the discipline (varies, but generally 2-6 titles)

38. arXiv.org Connections reached 61,000 per day in February 2002 35,000 new papers expected in 2001 Each article gets an average of 300 downloads per year

39. E-print Use at ORNL E-prints accounted for 3.6% of all reading (ORNL 2000) 1/3 of ORNL scientists were aware of LANL’s arXiv.org 1/4 were aware of DOE PrePrint Network

40. E-print Use by Astronomers E-prints account for 21.6% of all reading 85% of AAS members are aware of arXiv.org or the subset astro-ph 4.7% aware of DOE PrePrint Network

41. Bibliographic Database Impact A strong, linked db leads to journal use 90% of all Medline searches are in PubMed Today, the number of PubMed searches ranges from 1/2 to over one million per day 96.5% of astronomers know and use ADS Half of them read 6 or more articles per month as a result of ADS use

42. Reasons for Reading in More Titles and More Separates Increase in readings 7.5% in 1984 identified by 13.3% in 2000 online searches Increase in readings 8.6% in 1984 identified by 24.0% in 2000 other persons

43. Lesson 7: Electronic journals are adopted when it is easier

44. Impacts of Electronic Journals: Conclusions More reading in all workfields in not much more time. More reading of current articles Users prefer convenience and familiarity

45. Conclusions (cont.) Journal titles for core sources (print or electronic) Separates for additional sources complete journals and databases of separates will coexist in electronic form Print and electronic resources likely will be used in combination for the immediate future.

46. Multiple Co-existing Alternatives Print journals E-journals with many links Articles databases E-print servers Authors’ web sites