1. The Challenges of Urbanization
Urban Opportunities
Urban Problems
Reformers Mobilize

2. Urban Opportunities Innovation in farming
Urbanization: Growth of cities.
Immigrants
Migration from rural areas
Innovation in farming
African Americans escaping violence and discrimination in the south.

3. Americanization Movement
Programs aimed at teaching immigrants to be good citizens.
English
Government
History
Programs to teach social skills and American culture

4. Urban Problems
Housing
Transportation
Water
Sanitation
Fire
Crime

5. Housing Problem: Solutions:
Housing on outskirts = transportation issues
Tenements- cramped living conditions in the intercity with unsanitary conditions.
Solutions:
Row Houses - single family dwellings that share a side wall w/ other similar houses
Laws passed to guarantee minimum standards of plumbing and ventilation.
Dumbbell Tenements – 5 or 6 story buildings with indentations for ventilation.

6. Row House Diagram

7. Transportation
Problem: People traveled on foot or by horse-drawn vehicles.
Solution: Mass Transit – system designed to move large numbers of people.
Street Cars
Cable (San Francisco)
Electric (Richmond, VA)
Electric Subway (Boston)

8. Water Problem: Availability of fresh, safe water.
Diseases like cholera and typhoid fever
No indoor plumbing – had to haul water from pumps in the street.
Solution: Public Water Works
Chlorination in 1893 (New York)
Filtration in 1908 (New York)

9. Sanitation
Problem:
Horse manure, sewage flow through open gutters, air pollution, no dependable trash service
Solution:
Sewer Lines
City operated sanitation departments

10. Fire Problem: Solution: Limited water supply to fight fires
Buildings made of wood
Use of candles and kerosene lanterns
Only volunteer firefighters
Solution:
Full-time Professional Fire Departments
Automatic fire sprinklers in 1874
Replacement of wood buildings with brick, stone, and concrete

11. Crime Problem: Pickpockets / Thieves Con Men Gangs Solution:
Full-time, salaried Police Force

12. Reformers Mobilize Problem: Poverty in Cities
Solution: Social Reformers
Social Gospel Movement
Settlement House

13. Social Gospel Movement
Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service.
Erected churches in poor neighborhoods
Persuaded some businesses to treat workers more fairly.

14.
Settlement Houses
Settlement House - community centers in slum neighborhoods that provide assistance and friendship to local men, women, and children-especially immigrants.
Provides educational, cultural, and social services
Jane Addams – social reformer and co-founder of Hull House in Chicago.