1. Special Populations and Policing Trends

2. Before We Begin Any questions about anything? Unit 8 Seminar: Illegal Immigration and Rights of Police Officers Poll Question(s) Discuss Poll Results

3. Policing Our Borders According to the Center for Immigration Studies – January 2000 there were 7 million illegal aliens in the US – Illegal alien population estimated at 10 million in 2007 Customs and Border Protection (CBP) – Within Department of Homeland Security Responsible for guarding 7,000 miles of land border and 2,000 miles of coastal waters 11,000 CBP agents and 18,000 CBP officers Deploying modern technology, strengthening border infrastructure, increasing the number of highly trained law enforcement personnel

4. Policing Our Borders New Terrorist Watch Program U. S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT) 24 million foreigners are expected to be checked at nation’s airports annually Check against terrorist lists and national database What does organized crime mean to you?

5. Policing Organized Crime Organized crime Any group having some manner of formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities Oldest, most profitable, and most dangerous form of organized crime in the US is the Mafia Do you know what some of the police officers rights consist of?

6. Contemporary Trends Labor relations – Broad term that includes officers’ employment rights and the related concept of unionization and collective bargaining Police officers’ rights Peace Officer Bill of Rights Common provisions 1. Written notice 2. Right of representation 3. Polygraph examination Grievances Unionization Collective bargaining

7. Collective Bargaining Collective Bargaining- “the process of negotiations between employer and employees” Three basic models: Binding arbitration, meet and confer, and bargaining not required. Binding Arbitration-25 states, public employees have the right to bargain with their employer. Impasse and Neutral Arbitrator

8. Bargaining Continuation Meet-and-confer model- grants very few rights to employees. State has the right to organize and select their own bargaining representatives. Bargaining not required- twenty two states have this. Statutes that “either do not require or do not allow collective bargaining by public employees.”

9. Contemporary Trends Job actions 1. Vote of confidence 2. Work slowdown 3. Work speedup 4. Work stoppage Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Garcia v. San Antonio Transit Authority (1985) – Brought local employees under the coverage of the FLSA Key challenges for women Women now represent 11.3% of sworn personnel in municipal police agencies and 12.9% of sworn personnel in county sheriff’s offices

10. Contemporary Trends 6.8% in state agencies 16.1% in federal agencies Underrepresented in leadership ranks Recent survey identified 157 women serving as chiefs and 25 who were sheriffs Key issues 1. Recruitment 2. Pre-employment physical testing 3. Academy training 4. Field training 5. Assignments 6. Promotion

11. Contemporary Trends 7. Sexual discrimination and harassment 8. Mentoring 9. Career and family Challenges for minorities 23.6% of sworn full-time municipal officers 18.8% of sworn personnel in sheriff’s offices Tell me what stress means to you.

12. Stress Several potential sources of stress 1. Stressors originating within the organization Poor supervision, absence of career development opportunities, inadequate reward systems, offensive policies, offensive paperwork, poor equipment 2. Stressors external to the organization Jurisdictional isolationism, seemingly ineffective corrections system, the courts, distorted press accounts of police incidents, unfavorable civilian attitudes, derogatory remarks by neighbors and others, adverse government actions

13. Stress 3. Stressors connected with the performance of duties Police work itself, role conflict, adverse work scheduling, fear and danger, sense of uselessness and inefficiency of referral agencies, absence of closure, people in pain 4. Stressors particular to the individual officer The fear-ridden officer, the nonconformist officer, the minority officer 5. Effects of critical incidents Estimated that at any one time 15% of a department’s officers will be in a burnout phase

14. Stress Effects of Critical Incidence Alarming Statistic- “Cops kill themselves three times more often than other Americans.” “Suffer more depression, divorce more, and drink more- as many as one in four police officers have alcohol abuse problems.” Question- Your thoughts regarding private policing.

15. Wrap Up Any questions? Thanks for attending and participating. Have a good week and if you need anything let me know. I will stay online to answer any questions you may have or comments. Reminder, next week is Unit 9, our last seminar together.