1. PRIORITIZE “We must not sacrifice our future for a momentary pleasure.”

2. VACCINES and VACCINE PROTOCOLS Canine and Feline

3. Vaccination Failures Vaccines do not produce immunity in 100% of population – Should decrease severity Protection of 70% of population sufficient if communicability is low In general practice, 1 vaccine break constitutes a failure

4. MODIFIED LIVE vs. KILLED MLV – Strong, long-lasting immune response that is achieved with fewer doses – Adjuvants are not as necessary – Quicker immune respones – Less chance of allergic reactions – After it is mixed only effective 1 hour KILLED (inactivated) – More stable in storage – Unlikely to contain contaminating pathogens – Unlikely to cause disease due to residual disease- causing characteristics – Produce little to no cellular and mucosal immunity NO VACCINE IS 100% EFFECTIVE!

5. ADJUVANTS Chemicals, microbial components, or mammalian proteins Enhances the immune response to vaccine antigens Aluminum gels/ salts

6. CORE VACCINE Severity of disease Transmissibility Zoonotic potential

7. CORE VACCINES WHAT ARE THEY? Those vaccines that every puppy should receive; identified by vaccine experts such as the AAHA Canine Task Force – CORE VACCINES FOR CANINES INCLUDE: Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) Canine Distemper virus (CDV) – rCDV: Recombinat

8. CORE VACCINES Canine Adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) CAV-2 protects both 1 & 2 Infectious Canine Heaptitis No CAV-1 because of anterior uveitis Hepatitis blue ice Rabies virus (RV) – Killed vaccine – State/provincial/local laws

9. VACCINES – GENERAL GUIDELINES Begin: 6-9 weeks of age – Do not give vaccines earlier than 5-6 weeks *remember maternal antibody interference Frequency: q 2-4 weeks – May vary according to risk, vaccine End: at least one dose should be given at age 14-16 weeks of age or older Revaccination: at 1 year of age or 1 year after the last puppy vaccination

10. VACCINES-SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS, RABIES VACCINATION Rabies vaccine is initially given at 12 wks of age – Does not need to be boostered in 2-4 weeks, but rather within 12 months. Each subsequent rabies vaccine should be given q 3yrs.within 12 months. Each subsequent rabies vaccine should be given q 3yrs – Rabies vaccine is the only canine vaccine requiring a minimum duration of immunity study and labeled as 1 yr or 3 yr. by the USDA.

11. VACCINES-DURATION OF IMMUNITY The minimum duration of immunity for the core vaccines (except rabies) is at least 5-7 yrs. (after initial puppy set of vxns) – based on challenge and/or antibody titers you can even have this done in your own pets to determine his/her immunity level against a particular disease. Today, a 3 yr revaccination program has been recommended in the AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines for dogs and the American Association of Feline Practitioners Guidelines for catsAAHA Canine Vaccination

12. SO WHY DO WE VACCINATE EVERY YEAR? Following the vaccine label Veterinarians resistant to change Fear that not revaccinating will cause the animal to become susceptible soon after one year. Compliance with boarding kennel rules

13. VACCINES-NON-CORE Optional or non-core vaccines should only be given to animals that need them and only as often as needed! – Potential problems: duration of immunity is not known, the efficacy is limited or not known EX: Leptospirosis, Bordetella, Canine Influenza, Lyme disease, Canine coronavirus, Giardia (AAHA Guidelines do not recommend coronavirus or giardia vaccines unless they can be proven to be beneficial for a certain animal)

14. VACCINES-NON-CORE New vaccines: snakebites (Crotalus sp. Toxoid, western diamonback rattlesnake), periodontal disease (porphyromonas sp.), as well as a therapeutic vaccine for treatment of canine melanomas. *VACCINES MUST BE TAILORED TO THE INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL -Older/younger animal vs. adult - bacterial vaccine vs. viral vaccine – Geographic area

15. VACCINES-GENERAL GUIDELINES IN FELINES Begin: 8-10 weeks of age Frequency: q 2-4 weeks End: last dose at 14-16 weeks of age

16. VACCINES-FELINE CONSIDERATIONS

17. CORE VACCINES-FELINE Feline parvovirus (panleukopenia) Feline calicivirus Feline herpes virus (viral rhinotracheitis) Rabies virus – Given at 12-16 weeks of age FVRCP

18. VACCINES-NON-CORE FeLV (feline leukemia) FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus) Chlamydia Feline coronavirus (FIP) Feline Giardia Bordetella bronchiseptica Feline systemic calicivirus

19. VACCINE QUESTIONS May I use smaller vaccine dose in small breeds to reduce the risk of adverse reactions? – NO- the volume (1.0ml) as recommended by the manufacturer generally represents the minimum immunizing dose This means that a Great Dane should receive the same amount of vaccine as a Chihuahua

20. VACCINE QUESTIONS May I vaccinate pregnant pets? – It is best to avoid this. Risk to the fetuses is a concern. Assess risk vs. benefit

21. VACCINE QUESTIONS May I vaccinate a patient while under anesthesia? – It is best not to do this. The patient may develop a hypersensitivity reaction that may be harder to recognize under anesthesia and may be more difficult to treat. Risk of vomiting and aspiration is higher.

22. VACCINE QUESTIONS May I inject a modified live intranasal Bordetella vaccine? – NO- the vaccine can cause a severe local reaction and may even result in death (liver disease) – Intranasal vaccines are effective against respiratory disease, form immunoglobulin A which produces quick local immunity