1. Nanoporous NiF 2 for energy storage Yang Yang and James M. Tour Department of Chemistry, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University http://www.jmtour.com/ yymater@gmail.comyymater@gmail.com and tour@rice.edutour@rice.edu

2. Device fabrication process (i) plasma treatment(ii) sputter Cr/Au (iii) electrodeposit metal layer (iv) anodization to form porous layer (v) preparation of solid electrolyte (vi) supercapacitor device assembly (vii) ready for testing

3. b c a

4. 200 nm ~ 900 nm a 200 nm b c d d 110 = 0.32 nm

5. a b c d

6. Double layer capacitor: 0.29 mF cm -2 (3.2 F cm -3 or 1.57 F g -1 ), energy density of 0.6 Wh kg -1 and power density of 8 kW kg -1 Pseudocapacitor: 66 mF cm -2 (733 F cm -3 or 358 F g -1 ), energy density of 384 Wh kg -1 and power density of 112 kW kg -1 Ni(OH) 2 + OH -  NiOOH + H 2 O + e - NiF 2 + 2OH -  Ni(OH) 2 + 2F - Proposed charge storage mechanism :

7. Advantages of nanoporous NiF 2 1.Wide operation potential window – high energy density 2.Long term stability – reliable performance 3.Li-free, battery-like supercapacitors – works easily 4.Can be used for Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries 5.Easy fabrication – only needs a power source 6.Can be grown on any substrates, any shapes, any sizes