1. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Children Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood 10

2. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self Initiative versus guilt –Third of Erikson’s eight stages Initiative: enthusiasm for new activities Guilt: governs initiative, lowers self-esteem Self-understanding –Child’s representation of self; substance and content of child’s self-conceptions What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

3. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Self-Understanding Self-recognition –Young children view self in physical terms –Traits and emotions included by age 4 to 5; descriptions usually unrealistic, positive –Children’s ability to understand others varies Understands others’ statements may be untrue What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

4. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional Development Emotions experienced every day –Seek to understand emotional reactions of others, control their own emotions Self-conscious emotions –Self-awareness at about 18 months –In early childhood: pride, embarrassment, shame, guilt are common What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

5. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional Development Language and understanding of emotion –Most change: increased understanding and ability to talk about emotions (others & self) Emotional regulation –Key to managing demands and conflicts –Parents affect success, model and provide: Emotional coaching Emotional dismissing What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

6. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Moral Development Thoughts, feelings, behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in interactions with other people Freud’s psychoanalytic theory –Moral development in super ego –Behavior motivated by guilt –Empathy is positive emotion –Perspective taking: discerning emotional states of others What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

7. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Moral Development Piaget’s views What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development? Heteronomous Morality 4 to 7 years of age Justice and rules conceived of as unchangeable properties of world, removed from control of people Belief in ‘immanent justice’ Transition period: ages 7 - 10 Autonomous Morality About 10 years of age and older Child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and one should consider actor’s intentions as well as consequences

8. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Moral Behavior Behavioral view –reinforcement, punishment, and imitation Social cognitive view –influenced by situation, self-control development, ability to delay gratification Conscience –Internal standards of right and wrong Affected by quality of caregiver-child relationships What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

9. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Male and female characteristics –Gender identity: sense of own gender Appears about age 2½ –Gender roles: sets of expectations (think, act, feel) for females and males Biological influences –Chromosomes, hormones, evolution What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

10. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Evolutionary psychological view –Human adaptation from reproduction roles Social influences –Adaptation due to social experiences –Social role theory: Cultural definition of social hierarchy, gender differences in power, nurture, status What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

11. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Psychoanalytic theory of gender –Oedipus (boys) and Electra (girls) complexes –Freud’s ideas proven wrong Cognitive theory –Observation, imitation, use of rewards and punishments to shape gender behavior Seen in media Affected by peer groups, schools, parents Culture has impact What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

12. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Social Influences –Gender plays important role Boys play in ‘rough-and-tumble’ games Girls: collaborative play exchanges –Gender composition of groups prefer same-sex groups by age 3, preference increases through age 12 –Group size Boys prefer organized games, larger groups What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

13. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Cognitive influences –Children motivated to conformity behavior –Gender Schema Theory Children gradually develop schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender- inappropriate in their culture Gender schema: organizes world in terms of female and male What Characterizes Young Children’s Emotional and Personality Development?

14. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parenting Social and emotional development shaped by: –Caregiver-child attachment –Temperament and biology –Social experiences and context Good parenting takes time and effort –Quality counts –Parenting styles have effects What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

15. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Authoritative: Parents encourage child’s independence but still set limits and controls on their actions; associated with child’s social competence Authoritarian: Restrictive punitive style; associated with children’s social incompetence Indulgent: Parents highly involved with children and place very few demands or controls on them; associated with children’s social incompetence Neglectful: Parent uninvolved in the child’s life; associated with child’s social incompetence Undemanding, uncontrolling Rejecting, unresponsive Demanding, controlling Accepting, responsive Classification of Parenting Styles

16. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parenting Parenting styles in context –Asian American families Training yields positive outcomes –Latino childrearing Encourage development of family and self- identity; requires respect and obedience –African American families More use of physical punishment What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

17. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parenting Punishment –For centuries, corporal punishment seen as necessary method of discipline –Research: parents of 3- and 4-year-olds 26% spanked frequently 67% yelled frequently –Cross-culturally: Canada and U.S. highly favored corporal punishment What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

18. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parenting Punishment –Research: spanking outcomes linked to: Antisocial behavior in children: cheating, lying, bullying, fighting, disobedience Lower levels of moral internalization Poorer mental health Negative adjustment in school Depression and external problems in later adolescence (i.e., delinquency) What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

19. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parenting Reasons to avoid physical punishment Provides out-of-control role models Punishment instills negative feelings Fails to tell or show what is expected Punishment can be abusive Experts recommend –Reasoning, use of time-out –Coparenting is important What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

20. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Maltreatment 2002 in U.S. - 906,000 children were victims of child abuse –84% abused by parents –Mandatory reporting of suspected abuse –Types of child maltreatment Physical Child neglect Sexual abuse Emotional abuse What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

21. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Maltreatment Context of abuse –Many factors cause child maltreatment Culture Family Developmental characteristics of child –1/3 of abusive parents were abused as child (intergenerational transmission of abuse) –Cycles of abuse can be broken with positive support and therapy What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

22. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Maltreatment Developmental consequences of abuse in childhood and adolescence –Poor emotional regulation –Problems in attachment and peer relations –Difficulty in adapting to school –Psychological problems (delinquency, depression) Institutional placement and social class affect stress levels in maltreated children What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

23. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sibling Relationships and Birth Order Sibling relationships –Quality can be positive and negative –Familiarity and intimacy varies among siblings Birth order –Linked to personality characteristics First born: high achievers, conscientious, adult-oriented, self-controlling, conforming Later born: rebellious, liberal, agreeable –Parental interactions not the same What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

24. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sibling Relationships and Birth Order Results of birth order research conflict Only children –Stereotyped as ‘spoiled brat’ with undesirable characteristics –Research shows they are: Achievement-oriented Display desirable personality Research: birth order limited in predicting behavior What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

25. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Family in a Changing Society Working parents –Positive and negative effects –Majority of mothers with minor children work Children more egalitarian gender views –Risk of child problems If work stress spills over into home Affected by marital status of parents; children of divorce at higher risk What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

26. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Percent of families with children under 18 20 30 15 10 5 0 25 AustraliaUKJapanCanadaUSAGermanySwedenFrance Single-Parent Families in Different Countries

27. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Family in a Changing Society Children in divorced families –More externalized problems –More internalized problems; low self-esteem –Less socially responsible –High risk of school drop out –Less competent in intimate relationships –Sexually active at an earlier age –Higher risk of substance use –Higher risk of delinquent behaviors What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

28. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Family in a Changing Society Conflict in nondivorced families –May have negative consequences on children; emotional problems Child’s vulnerability affected by –Personality and temperament –Gender and maturity level –Parental style, involvement, and custody situation –Socioeconomic status What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

29. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Caring for Children Communicating with children about divorce –Explain the separation; it is not child’s fault –Explain that it may take time to feel better –Keep the door open to more communication –Provide as much continuity as possible –Provide support for child and self What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

30. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Family in a Changing Society Gay male and lesbian parents –Child born from heterosexual relationship, donor insemination and surrogates, adoption –Family composition varies (single parent, etc.) –No differences in child adjustment and mental health when compared to child of heterosexual union Most children grow up to be heterosexual What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

31. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Family in a Changing Society Cross-cultural studies –Cultural variation in family roles; how children should be raised –Economic globalization impacts differences –Ethnic families, traditions have changed Size and extended family contact Dual-parent incomes, use of childcare More stress for ethnic minority families Lower educational levels for minorities What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

32. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Changing Family in a Changing Society Socioeconomic status –Less access to resources for lower SES –Low SES parents stress child conformity; more authoritarian and use of physical punishment –High SES parents stress self-control; less use of physical punishment –Affects parental views on education What Roles Do Families Play in Young Children’s Development?

33. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peer Relations More time with peers as child ages –Positive or negative socialization experiences Functions of peer groups –Promotes normal socioemotional development Feedback, evaluations, judgments Withdrawn children –Rejected, victimized, lonely, can be aggressive How Are Peer Relations, Play, and TV Involved in Young Children’s Development?

34. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Play Functions of play –Essential to child’s health –Lowers anxiety, helps master conflicts and cope with life’s problems –Play therapy –Important context for cognitive development; builds skills and competencies –Promotes creativity and exploratory behavior How Are Peer Relations, Play, and TV Involved in Young Children’s Development?

35. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Play How Are Peer Relations, Play, and TV Involved in Young Children’s Development Pretense/ Symbolic Social Practice Sensorimotor Infants derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes Games Repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned Occurs when child transforms physical environment into symbol Self-regulated creations or solutions Activities engaged in for pleasure; include rules Constructive Involves social interactions with peers

36. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parten’s Categories of Play How Are Peer Relations, Play, and TV Involved in Young Children’s Development? Onlooker Parallel Solitary Unoccupied Child not engaging in play as commonly understood; might stand in one spot Associative Cooperative Child plays alone, independently of others Child watches other children play Child plays separately from others, but in manner that mimics their play Play that involves social interaction with little or no organization Play that involves social interaction in group with sense of organized activity

37. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Television Child – more time with TV than parents –Negative and positive influences Violence and aggression Altered states of ‘rational’ thought Program types linked to academic achievement –Creates passive learner How Are Peer Relations, Play, and TV Involved in Young Children’s Development?

38. © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The End 10