1. News presentation and evidentiality in TV news

2. News presentation two levels/phases of presentation: – the programme itself : the product of the institution semiotic, visual aspects in opening sequence of signature graphics, logo, images of NPs, studio verbal: headlines – the item (kernel) of the NP, the representative of the institution

3. From transmission to communication Evolution of the news bulletin from a concern with the transmission of news/a message to a concern with the communication of news/a message – newsreader - previous formats – reads with no distractions from the message, thus: lack of background head and shoulders frame only one person at a time no extraneous or spontaneous comments no personalisation

4. Also consistent with this conception of the news : – Irregular nomination of reporter in the field and his/her location – Lack of an obvious studio space/place

5. Space of the studio Visual and verbal references to geographical position Signalled iconically Newsroom as background Proximal and distal deixis Site of enunciation Discourse of headlines

6. Mode of address Autocue, teleprompter allowed direct relationship with audience with eye contact Qualitatively different from direct address Not grounded in reciprocity Parasocial interaction the frame is established through direct greetings

7. The turn to communication Developments in technology Recognition of potential, self-awareness Shifting of focus from transmission to communication of message – PR firms engaged to re-vamp institutional images – Communicative skills and personal qualities of NPs and studio, which represent the institution – More relaxed and informal presentation, personalisation, consistent with growing self- referentiality

8. BBC logo 1987

9. ITV Studio 1992-99

10. ITV studio 2005

11. ITV studio Trevor and Julie 2008

12. ITV studio 2010

13. Markers which indicate The kind of evidence one has for making factual claims The indication of the nature of the evidence for a given statement Knowledge of the source and comittment to the truth of a proposition

14. Choices Attribution of a proposition to another person or voice is a kind of evidentiality – x says y Witness – I was there, I saw y Secondhand or hearsay – attributes to other witnesses, the neighbours reported hearing a Sensory- I felt, it seemed, it looked as if, it sounded like Inferential, - clues and indications

15. Modality Use of simple present or past: Use of present perfect: Use of modals:

16. Visuals Visuals can be live or archive (some archive footage is a shorthand to illustrate institutional or social situations the viewer is meant to recognise) They can back up the verbal text basically showing what is being said they can juxtapose archive footage and they can add impressions without explicitly making a point

17. Post production editing The more a channel takes pains to edit and compile, the more they seem to be evaluating the news as important (worth making the effort)

18. Voices Some sources are given live camera footage or are interviewed on screen Some are given still photos Some just their words on the screen Some have their words paraphrased or summarised by the NP You need to think about the effects of such choices

19. Interaction Sometimes we hear the question and see the participants together Sometimes we just hear the answer Answers usually depend on questions