1. TRITIUM REMOVAL BY LASER HEATING C.H. Skinner, C. A. Gentile, G. Guttadora, A. Carpe, S. Langish, K.M. Young, M. Nishi (b), W. Shu (b), N. Bekris (c) (a) Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, Princeton NJ 08543, USA (b) Tritium Engineering Laboratory, JAERI, Ibaraki, Japan (c) Tritium Laboratory, Karlsruhe, FRG. Tritium removal from plasma facing components is a serious challenge facing next step magnetic fusion devices that use carbon plasma facing components. The long term tritium inventory for ITER-FEAT is limited to about 350 g, mainly due to safety considerations. It is potentially possible that the inventory limit could be reached after a few weeks operation, requiring tritium removal before plasma operations can continue. Techniques for tritium removal have been demonstrated in the laboratory, and on tokamaks but they are slow and generally involve oxidation which will decondition the vessel walls (requiring additional time devoted wall conditioning) and generate undesirably large quantities of HTO. A novel laser heating technique has recently been used to remove tritium from carbon tiles that had been exposed to tritium plasmas in TFTR. A continuous wave Nd laser operates at powers up to 300 watts. The beam is directed by galvonometer driven scanning mirrors and focussed on the tile surface. The surface temperature is measured by an optical pyrometer. The tritium released is measured by a ionization chamber and surface tritium measured by an open walled ion chamber. Any changes in the laser irradiated surface are monitored with a microscope. To date tritium has been released in air and argon atmospheres and surface temperatures up to 2,300 C have been achieved. We will present measurements of the removal of tritium as a function of the laser intensity, and scan rate. Potential implementation of this method in a next step fusion device will be discussed. Presented at 6th International Conference on Tritium Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan Nov. 11-16th

2. Next decade offers prospect of construction of next- step DT burning tokamak(s). Plasma material interactions will scale up orders of magnitude with increase in stored energy and pulse duration (bigger change than core plasma parameters). Tritium retention in machines with carbon plasma facing components will become significant constraint in plasma operations. Techniques for rapid efficient removal of tritium are needed.

3. ITER plans to install CFC divertor with option to switch to more reactor relevant all-W armoured targets prior to D-T operation. Change depends on: frequency and severity of disruptions, success achieved in mitigating the effects of T co-deposition. ITER

4. In TFTR, several weeks were needed for tritium removal after only 10-15 min of cumulative DT plasmas –Future reactors with carbon plasma facing components need T removal rate >> retention rate Heating is proven method to release tritium but heating vacuum vessel to required temperatures (~350 C) is expensive. Present candidate process involves oxidation, requiring lengthy machine re-conditioning and expensive DTO processing. But – most tritium is codeposited on the surface –only surface needs to be heated. Modelling showed lasers could provide required heating. Heat transfer modelling shows a multi – kw/cm 2 flux for ≈ 20 ms heats a 50 micron co-deposited layer to 1,000-2,000 K, appropriate for tritium release

5. 10 cubes cut from TFTR tiles exposed to DT plasmas and irradiated w/laser in Ar atmosphere. Microscope images taken before and after laser irradiation. Vary raster pattern, laser power, laser focus, scan speed, atmosphere (air/Ar)... Measure temperature, change in surface appearance, tritium release....  Nd:Yag laser, continuous wave 325 watt.  Computer programable laser scanning unit  Fast, high spatial resolution pyrometer.  Digital microscope, still or video capability  Tritium measured ion chambers & Differential Sampler.

7. Nd laser power only 6 w to avoid camera damage (300 w available) TFTR DT tile cube KC17 2E in air at 200 mm/s. 7/8” cube cut from TFTR tritiated tile inside chamber. (KC17 2E)

8. Co-deposit gets hotter as it is less thermally conductive. Laser 242 w, 2000 mm/s, ‘soft’ focus Thermal response: Cube KC17-2B: Insert shows laser interaction attenuated by ND5 filter. Note much stronger interaction with codeposit on left. Laser power 242 w, 50 mm/s Temperature: 1841 C left, 1181 C right T release: 2.1mCi left, 1.1mCi right ≈10 mm

9. laser power zero 29 w 91 w 242 w cube KC17 3C scan speed 50mm/s soft focus, 4 zones: Microscope x1 Zoom 7mm wide 45 deg view before laser note surface granularity Zoom 7mm wide 45 deg after 242 w significant ablation

10. cube KC22 6E, laser power 242 w, soft focus, max temp. 1770 C, scan speed 1000 mm/s, 10 ms > 500 C, images before & after 18 mCi release x1 x4 Model predicts heat penetrates ≈ 50 micron in 10 ms Heat penetration depth with 1000 mm/s scan speed matches co-deposited layer

11. Tritium measured by FemptoTech ion chamber in closed loop system Surface tritium on cube surface measured with open wall ion chamber, Chamber contamination measured with swabs,

12. Irradiate left 1/2 of cube KC22 1E in air atmosphere, pump & purge, then fill with Ar, and irradiate right 1/2. Laser 242 w, 50 mm/s, soft focus. First measure tritium with ion chamber in closed loop, then add molecular sieve envelopes in DAT to determine HTO/HT mix Not possible to measure HT in DAT without oxygen. RGA shows Ar @ 99%, - possibly trapped H 2 O in tiles - Note: not an issue with tiles inside operating tokamak. Femptotech electrically calibrated by manufacturer only Swabs show ~ microCi contamination of chamber.

13. ~ 20 ms heating to > ~ 1500 C gives good tritium release with minimal change in surface (yellow area) - how much tritium is left behind ? l l l l l l l l l l l 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 050100150200250 mCi duration > 500 C (msec) Tritium release vs. scan speed

14. First Nd laser scan... Then Nd laser bake: –rotate cube so that cut side faces laser, remove 1 lens to defocus laser. 100 w stationary laser beam heats cube to > 400 C for 40 mins in air to oxidise codeposit. Two experiments so far: 1) ‘soft’ focus: –46 % of total tritium released by scan with almost no effect on surface 2) ‘hard focus’ - cube @ focal plane – 84% of total tritium released with minor changes on surface. Conclude: major part of co-deposited tritium can be released by scanning laser.

15. Time needed to scan ? –30 MJ required to heat top 100µm of 50 m 2 area. - corresponds to output of 3kW laser for only 3 hours ! Nd laser can be coupled via fiberoptic Potential for oxygen free tritium release in operating tokamak –avoid deconditioning plasma facing surfaces –avoid HTO generation (HTO is 10,000x more hazardous than T 2 and very expensive to reprocess)

16. Tritium removal by laser heating demonstrated. –no oxygen to decondition PFC’s –no HTO to process Method scalable to next-step device Further optimization planned * * * BONUS from Nd laser work * * * Heating by continuous wave laser mimics heat loads in transient off-normal events in tokamaks. Opens new technique for studying key issues for next step devices: erosion by brittle destruction. particulate (dust) generation. Preprint: PPPL reports 3603, 3604 available from http://www.pppl.gov/pub_report/