1. Human Drosophila C. elegans ~ 24,000 Genes ~ 13,000 Genes ~ 19,000 Genes Mouse ~ 24,000 Genes

2. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Cloning

3. Transcription Initiation

5. Gene Regulatory Proteins and the DNA Sequences That They Recognize

8. Asymmetric Localization of Ash1 Transcription Factor DICDAPIAsh1-GFPAsh1 mRNA “Mother cell” “Daughter cell”

13. Developmental Fate

19. Caenorhabditis elegans 959 Somatic cells 1000-2000 Germ cells

20. C. elegans Life Cycle

22. Cleavage Divisions Egg DAPI stained embryo

23. Asymmetric Segregation of “P Granules” Egg Immunostaining of P Ganules

24. Wild Type par-1 Mutant Par (Partition) Mutants DIC P granules

25. 2-cell embryo Plasma Membrane Cytosol

26. Early L3

27. Late L3

28. Early L3 Fate Map

29. “Vulva-less Phentoype “Bag of worms” “Bag of embryos”

30. EGF Pathways of Vertebrates

31. “Notch” Receptor

32. 2 o VPC 1 o VPC (Lin-12)

33. Two-Signal Model of Vulva Development

34. T.ap Cell Development

35. LIN-14 Mutations

36. Lin-14-GFP WT Worms L1 Adult L3 L2

37. lin-4(gf) lin-4(lf) LIN-4 Mutations

38. RNAi (RNA Interference) Lin-4 RNA Lin-4 RISC Lin-14 mRNA RISC = RNA-Induced Silencing Complex miRNA = micro RNA

39. Micro RNAs Humans ~ 220 miRNAs ~ 2000 “Target” mRNAs C. elegans ~ 88 miRNAs ~ 30 miRNAs expressed during larval development

40. Drosophila melanogaster

41. Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral

43. Cleavage in the Drosophila Embryo

45. A P A P Larva Embryo

46. 2 hrs. 10 hrs. A P A P

47. A P A P

49. Genetic Hierarchy in A-P Axis Specification

50. Mutant Phenotypes for Maternal-Effect Genes

53. Bicoid mRNA/Protein Distribution

54. Gap Gene Expression Patterns

55. Bicoid Controls Hunchback (hb) Expression