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Published byGertrude French Modified over 9 years ago
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SOL WHI.6
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#1. Based on location alone, how would Rome’s location be beneficial?
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Located on the Italian Peninsula (vocab). ◦ Created a crossroads for trade, cultural exchange, and conquest in the Mediterranean basin. The Alps provided Italy with protection, as did the seas surrounding the Italian Peninsula.
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Two major mountain ranges, the Alps and the Apennines. Some of Italy’s mountains were volcanic. Their eruptions could devastate Roman towns. (Foreshadowing) Rome lies on the Tiber River. Rome had a mild climate that led to a plentiful food supply and the city’s early growth.
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Mystery – their origins are lost to prehistory Lived north of Rome – Region today called “Tuscany” after them (ancient Etruria) – Enemies of the Romans Taught the Romans: – Arch in architecture – drainage and sewer-building – phalanx military formation – Alphabet which was taught to the Etruscans by the Greeks.
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#2 Why are myths and legends created?
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Religion was polytheistic. ◦ Religion was part of Rome’s culture, politics, and art. Roman gods and goddesses were based on Greek mythology
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Roman godsGreek NameRole JupiterZeusKing of gods JunoHeraQueen of gods NeptunePoseidonGod of Seas MarsAresGod of War VenusAphroditeGod of Love MercuryHermesMessenger ManervaAthenaGod of Wisdom PlutoHadesGod of the Underworld ApolloApolloMusic
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Romans also deified some emperors during the Age of Empires. ◦ Deified – gave “godlike” status to emperors. #3. Why do you think people believed some of their leaders were gods?
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The Roman Republic contained 3 social classes: ◦ Patricians – wealthy (few in number). ◦ Plebeians – majority of population consisting of landowners, townspeople, merchants, and farmers. ◦ Slaves – people forced into servant class by conquest
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Citizenship – was held by all patricians and plebeians ◦ And selected foreigners Citizens had rights not extended to slaves and non-Romans. ◦ All citizens should: vote pay taxes serve in the military.
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Consuls – at the top of government. ◦ 2 people elected by the Assembly each year. ◦ Served one year terms. ◦ Could veto (reject) decisions by the Assembly. ◦ Ran the government. #4. What would the U.S. equivalent (the same/equal) be of a Roman consul?
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How many people serve as president of the U.S. at one time? How long is a president’s term? How many terms can a president serve?
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Rome was a representative democracy known as a Republic. Two bodies made up the representative branch of government – The Assembly and Senate.
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Senate – patricians that controlled the finances and foreign affairs of Rome. Advised the consuls. (#5) Assembly – made laws for Rome ◦ Tribunes – part of the assembly that was made up of plebeians. ◦ Could veto (reject) actions of the Senate and Consuls. (#6)
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The Republic became more democratic as plebeians gained rights and power. (#7) The Twelve Tables – First written set of Roman laws (451 BCE). ◦ Defined laws and gave plebeians more rights. ◦ Established that all citizens had the right to legal protection.
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Roman Republic Government
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Rome fought Carthage in 3 wars that lasted over 100 years, to determine who would dominate the Mediterranean world Intro Video
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#2 Who controlled most of Sicily by 264 BC?
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2 nd Punic War (Punic war video) Hannibal, Carthaginian general, commanded a mixed army of North Africans and Europeans against Rome. 218 BCE – led troops with elephants across Pyrenees Mountains of Spain, through France, and over the Alps of Italy into northern Italy ◦ Trek took 15 years – arrived with most of his men and most of the elephants. ◦ Roman army had expected a southern invasion. (#3) Hannibal Song Video
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Hannibal got to Rome but never defeated the city of Rome. (#4) Rome counter-attacked the city of Carthage. ◦ Hannibal left Italy to defend Carthage and was defeated outside of Carthage. Carthage gave up all land except in Africa. ◦ Rome now ruled most of the Mediterranean. Hannibal was later tracked down and committed suicide.
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3 rd Punic War Rome was still angry from the 2 nd Punic War and Carthage was mounting forces for an attack of Rome. Rome attacked Carthage first and completely destroyed the city.
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Romans destroyed its major political and economic competitor. Able to expand trade and wealth Roman culture would now follow conquest. Now Rome dominated the Mediterranean. Romans would remain unchallenged and go on to conquer Western Europe.
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Large landowners began to use more slaves. ◦ Caused small farmers to lose their lands and move to cities. As cities grew, these people were unable to find work. The Middle Class (plebeians) demanded more rights. Rome entered into a time of civil war for 100 years. (#5) ◦ Slave and plebeians uprising.
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2 Wealth and Slaves flood into Rome 3 Senators buy up vast properties 4 Smallholders move to Rome to try and find work 5 The unemployed mob cause increased corruption & military commanders become too influential as the army becomes dependent on the spoils of war 1 The empire expands
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Julius Caesar began as a leader of the Roman Army. ◦ Popular for his military conquest. 60 BCE Caesar joined with Pompey (military hero) and Crassus (the richest man in Rome) to form the First Triumvirate.
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Together they ruled Rome, but jealousies soon turned them against each other. Caesar turned his army towards Rome and crushed Pompey and the Senate. ◦ “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – I came, I saw, I conquered. Caesar then made himself dictator for life.
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Maintained the Senate but Caesar had the real power. ◦ Packed the Senate with his followers. Public works of Rome (roads, aqueducts, buildings) to employ the poor. Public land to the poor. Extended citizenship to conquered people. Julian Calendar – based on Egyptian calendar and used for 1600 years.
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Senate grew more fearful of Caesar’s power. March 15, 44 BCE – “Beware of the Ides of March!” Caesar was murdered by members of the Senate. Rome broke out into a new civil war. Julius Caesar Video
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Spread of slavery. Migration of unemployed farmers to cities Assassination of Julius Caesar Civil wars as Caesar gained power and after his assassination. kk ee Devaluation of Roman Currency - Inflation
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After Caesar died ◦ His 18 year old grandnephew Octavian joined forces with Marc Antony (Caesar’s general) and Marcus Lepidus Second triumvirate defeated Caesar’s assassins in 42BCE #1 Octavian Antony Lepidus
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Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from political life Octavian declared war on Marc Antony when he married Cleopatra ◦ Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Egypt to avoid capture Octavian became undisputed ruler of Rome
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Octavian believed Rome needed one strong leader ◦ Senate agreed and appointed Octavian consul, tribune, and commander in chief for life - 27BCE Octavian gave himself the title of Augustus-Majestic One
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Rome became an Empire and Augustus was the Emperor. Augustus Caesar
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Imperial = empire = large area under single rule Failure to have change of power from one emperor to the next. Civil war giving rise to Octavian (Augustus)
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http://videopediaworld.com/video/17886/Ancient -Civilizations-Rise-of-the-Roman-Empire http://videopediaworld.com/video/17886/Ancient -Civilizations-Rise-of-the-Roman-Empire
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