1. Jewish “Emancipation” We do see, beginning in the end of the 18 th cent, a gradual acceptance and in some cases growing legalization of European Jews. Yet, in most cases, though Jews may have been given freedoms, for the most part they were forbidden from becoming property owners. In the far east, particularly Poland and Russia, there was little movement, and constant oppression of Jews. Pogroms – organized govt. oppression of Jews, were common under the Tsars.

2. Do Now: 2/7/2011 I need letters to seal and send. Hand them in. Take a moment and read Thematic Essay sheet. Exam on Thurs and Friday of this week.  MC on Thurs.  Thematics on Friday. Use Review/Text to study tonight. Will hand back old hmwk tomorrow. Vacation Schedule:  Feb: 22 nd, 23 rd & 24 th. 9:00 – 11:00. (Tues, Wed, Thurs)

3. Jewish Citizenship Mid-19 th century, we see Jews gain citizenship in Italy, Germany and the Low countries Jews could actually be elected to British Parliament by the 1860’s. Most Jews in public life tended to be politically liberal. We see a great migration of Jews to the Western Europe and the United States from the oppressive regimes of eastern Europe. Ironically, in the last two decades of the 19 th century, there was a precipitous rise in Anti-Semitism in Western Europe – which will lead to the birth of Zionism.

4. Labor, Socialism and Politics Labor. Socialism and Politics leading to WWI Big Picture: We see a growing rise in the standard of living for workers. We see a growth of unskilled labor, and a reduction of the ranks of the artisans These workers took less to the streets, and instead went to the Unions for some manner of change and representation. Hence, the “proletarian revolt”, predicted by Marx, would now take a different turn.

5. Unionism We see governments in Western Europe legalizing unions, most probably because of the growing political influence of this political faction. Unions were now directing their efforts toward the ranks of the unskilled, not the skilled worker Hence, the “former proletarians” were now both legalized and represented. Yet, most of the labor force in Europe remained non- union, but that should be of no surprise to us.

6. Growing Democracy? Democracy and Political Parties. Big Picture: To what extent did the growth of the electorate lead to a desire to democratize governments in Western Europe. Germany, France, Spain, Belgium and Italy all created universal manhood suffrage by the beginning of WWI And, as the franchise grew wider, politicians had no choice but to listen to the growing electorate,

7. Political Parties? Think about what this means… Historically, the franchise was the province of the wealthy landholders; since there was no broad franchise, there was no need to represent various views. Hence, with the growth of the franchise, a political party became the “voice of the people”, and a concern for the office holder And, we will see a growing socialist presence in political parties giving them power and a voice.

8. Socialism and Nationalism Socialists opposed nationalism for obvious reasons… Associating with a national agenda prevented a larger, multi-national workers movement. Further, as the workers were more “legitimized and represented” would the revolution have to happen within existing political avenues… Or, would there still be a hope for a wider and more “traditional” world-wide, revolution. We will see important shifts in what is known as Marxism.

9. Marx and the First International 1864 – Br./Fr. Workers form the International Working Man’s Association – better known as the First International. What was it? Socialists, anarchists and nationalists comprised it. Marx came to accept the attempts to reform workers lives within the existing political economic processes. Interestingly, the violence of the Paris Commune in 1871 gave “revolutionary socialism” a bad name, and many began to see the value of change within the system.

10. Changes in Marxism/Fabianism So, while Marxism remains the most popular brand of socialism, just what kind of Marxism becomes a matter of great debate. Ironically, the country that will have the most vibrant and impactful brand of socialism will be… Great Britain!?! Let’s examine the socialist variation known as Fabianism.

11. Social Reform in Great Britain “Fabians” take their name from the Roman General Fabius Maximus, who used a very unique tactic of avoidance to eventually wear down the Great Carthaginian warrior Hannibal British socialism’s – (not strict Marxist) – most influential group the Fabian Society- favored gradual, peaceful approach to social reform This was called “Gas and Water” socialism, meaning that public utilities, run by the government, were a practical form of social change.

12. The Building of European Supremacy Under Liberal Chancellor David Lloyd George, Britain regulates trade, provides unemployment benefits and health care Conservatives – House of Lords upset with the spending of the Liberal- House of Commons in the Parliament lead to a conflict in Parliament. This is similar to the constant arguing between the Democrats, who tend to favor social programs, and the Republicans, who call for smaller government.

13. French “Opportunism” Rejected Opportunism – participation by socialists in the governmental cabinets is rejected by Second Internationale (Congress) French socialists form their own party French workers often voted Socialist, but avoided political action Non-socialist labor unions looked to strikes as their main labor tactic, and avoided supporting the French Socialists. Hence, France remains outside of the growth of mainstream socialism

14. Germany: Social democrats and “Revisionism” German Social Democratic Party –SPD – is the most powerful socialist organization in Europe. They help to keep Marxism alive, through changing the goal of it. The SPD had, since its inception, always been divided by those advocating reform, and those advocating revolution. Bismarck will be especially harsh on these socialists He believed that socialists would undermine his govt.

15. Social Democrats and Revisionism in Germany Bismarck represses German Social Democratic Party (SPD)  anti-socialist laws passed by Reichstag actually strengthen the numbers of the (SPD)  He passes programs such as accident insurance, disability and old age pensions as a conservative alternative to socialist policies The Erfurt Program – supported Marxist ideas of the collapse of capitalism, but wanted to pursue goals through legislative action, not revolution Karl Kautsky – says capitalism will fall, and there must be socialist ownership of the means of production However, this must be pursued through legal matters, and socialists should work to improve the lives of workers, not seek revolution.

16. Revisionism continued…what has changed? There will be no revolution because… The Middle class was growing, not sinking into the proletarian class The extension of franchise meant that workers had more of a voice. Hence, for Bernstein, parliamentary methods might indeed lead to social change. Yet, many criticized him, saying that in a militarily repressive Germany, unlike Great Britain, people like Bismarck and Kaiser William II would easily repress change in a weak “Reichstag”

17. Industrial Growth in Russia Count Sergei Witte – first Russian minister of communications and later finance minister / wanted to modernize Russian economy through  economic development  protective tariffs  high taxes  Russian currency on gold standard steel, iron, and textile industries expand as Trans-Siberian Railroad is completed (1903) social unrest – growth of industry does not improve lives of the peasants, many who have to work on the land of prosperous farmers known as kulaks. (so much for free serfs) liberal party formed by the local councils (zemstvos), wanted a constitutional monarchy to further civil liberties and social progress

18. Vladimir Lenin – future leader of the Communist Revolution Led Social Democrats who rejected the German ideas of gradual socialism and called for a revolution Social Democratic Party split into two:  Lenin’s faction, the majority or Bolsheviks  the moderate faction, the minority or the Mensheviks Mensheviks wanted mass membership – like the German SPD Bolsheviks wanted elite professionals, a centralized leadership, to lead the revolution.

19. The Building of European Supremacy Lenin wanted a dual revolution of both urban workers and rural peasants. He believed this was possible only through professional leadership. The Bolsheviks separated themselves from the rest of European socialists. The revolution of 1905 in Russia… Long and short term causes…

20. The Building of European Supremacy Socialism does not lead to a revolution in Russia 1903 Witte is dismissed by Nicholas Russia loses the 1905 war with Japan Russian Orthodox priest leads a workers revolt for better conditions These workers are slaughtered in outside the Winter Palace in St’ Petersburg. This is “Bloody Sunday”

21. The Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday – Tsar’s troops violently put down a protest leading to ordinary Russians no longer trusting the tsar worker groups called the soviets, not the tsar, basically control city of St. Petersburg Nicholas II issues October Manifesto promising a constitutional government representative body, the Duma, put into place in 1907 – conservative in nature basically kept the power of the tsar in place Stolypin and Rasputin P.A. Stolypin – replaced Witte as finance minister  represses socialist rebellion, including execution of rebellious peasants  improves agricultural production by encouraging individual ownership  assassinated by a Social Revolutionary Grigory Efimovich Rasputin – replaced Stolypin because supposedly his wife could heal the tsar’s hemophiliac son / uncouth and strange, tsar’s power is undermined after 1911

22. Liberal leaders from the Zemstvos called for reform Strikes broke out. Workers groups, “soviets” took control of the city. Nicholas panics, and promises constitutionalism. He forms a Duma, which is supposed to be a representative assembly. Yet, these will be dissolved twice until they are sufficiently conservative and submissive. Revolution of 1905

23. The Revolution of 1905 Stolypin, appointed by Nicholas II, does the following: Peasants determined to be part of the rebellion in 1905, are executed. Payments made by serfs, still being made after their emancipation in 1861, are cancelled Encourages farmers to join together in “mirs” – collectives Yet, many conservatives still hated both he and the Tsar

24. 1911 – Stolypin is assassinated, probably by a backer of more conservative forces. We will see this push and pull between liberal and conservative forces in Russia lead inextricably to the Revolution of 1917. Impact of Russian Revolution

25. The Building of European Supremacy Wrapping up Chapter 23… Two contradictory threads can be seen. There is clearly growth in the industrial sector, and positive changes in the lifestyle’s of those living in cities. Growth in the middle class was not just an economic boon, but a political one as well. Yet, at the same time, there is great growth in the forces of socialism and labor movements throughout Europe.

26. The Building of European Supremacy Socialists called for a greater degree of social justice, and a more judicious distribution of consumer goods. While some socialist forces worked within existing systems… We see others, particularly in Russia, advocating revolution, albeit one not lead by “the masses.” We see further, in Russia, the social unrest that can be caused by growing industrialism.

27. The Building of European Supremacy Lastly, we cannot forget the growing movement of Women to gain political voice and social equality.