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Published byDelphia Nash Modified over 9 years ago
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Carboxylic acids R-COOH Nomenclature A) IUPAC A) IUPAC - نأخذ اسم alkane ونحذف حرف e ونستبدله بـ oic acid. Alkane alkanoic acid مع مراعاة ترقيم -COOH كرقم 1.
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B) Common name - يمكن بدلاً من استخدام الترقيم الحروف اللاتينية α ، β ، γ ، δ
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Nomeclature of some aromatic acids
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Preparation of carboxylic acids (1) Oxidation of 1ry alcohols or aldehydes Oxidizing agent may KMnO4, K2Cr2O7
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(2) From Grignard reagent (2) From Grignard reagent
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(3Oxidation of alkyl benzene 4) Hydrolysis of nitriles Nitrile means compounds containing CN
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- هذه الطريقة تصلح لزيادة عدد ذرات أى مركب ذرة كربون واحدة كالآتى : e.g. convert n-propanol to butanoic acid
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(5)From olefins (alkenes) (6) From acetylenes (7) Haloform reaction
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Reaction of carboxylic acids Reaction of carboxylic acids 1) Formation of salts 2) Formation of ester
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3) Decarboxylation Q. convert toluene into 1,3,5 trinitrobenzene(TNB(
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4) Reduction 5) Conversion of acid-to-acid chloride 5) Conversion of acid-to-acid chloride
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7) Conversion of acid to amides 8) Kolb electrolysis
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9) Substitution reactions of carboxylic acids IN aliphatic acid Hell-Volhard-Zeliniki reaction It occurs in aliphatic acid at α-position It occurs in aliphatic acid at α-position
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Other example يمكن أن يتم نفس التفاعل مع Br2 1.B) Aromatic acid: – COOH is m-directing group.
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10)Hunsdiecker reaction this is one way of shorting the carbon chain
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Derivative of carboxylic acids (1) Acid halide Nomecalture Nomecalture - باستبدال حرف e من اسم alkane ب oyl halide Alkane alkanoyl halide - أو من اسم الحمض باستبدال ic ب yl chloride
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Preparations 1-From acids
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2- From Aldhydes Chemical reactions Chemical reactions
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Reaction of acid chloride with R-MgX (2) Acid anhydride - التسمية تتم بذكر اسم الحمض متبوعاً بكلمة anhydride
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1-From acid chloride Preparation 1-From acid chloride (2) From acetylene
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(3) From ketene Chemical reactions Chemical reactions
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(3) Amide التسمية تتم بذكر اسم alkane محذوفاً منه حرف e واستبداله بـ amide أو اسم الحمض محذوفاً منه oic واستبدالها ب amide
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Preparation of amides (1) From acid chloride, anhydride, ester (2) From nitriles
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2) Hofmann degradation of amide Q. Convert acetic acid to methyl amine. الإجابة (1 Hydrolysis Chemical reactions Chemical reactions
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3) Dehydration 4 ) Action of nitrous acid
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(4) Esters (4) Esters التسمية تتم كالآتى 1- ذكر اسم R` 2- ذكر اسم الحمض محذوفاً منه -ic ومضافاً اليه ate
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Preparation Reactions of esters Reaction with Grignard to form t-alc.
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Claisen condensation of ester Mechanism
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