1. The Carbonyl Functional Groups
Chapter 14, 15, 16
Suggested Problems:
Chapter 14: 3-12
Chapter 15: 5-8

2. The Carbonyl Group
A C=O group is called a carbonyl group
Depending on what else is bonded to the carbonyl carbon, we have aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides

3. Aldehydes
The functional group of an aldehyde is a terminal carbonyl group (there is a hydrogen on the carbonyl carbon)
The generic formula of an aldehyde is

4. An example of an aldehyde is acetaldehyde
Examples: Aldehydes
An example of an aldehyde is acetaldehyde
ethanal
acetaldehyde

5. Naming Aldehydes
The suffix for aldehydes is “al”

6. Ketones
The functional group of a ketone is an internal carbonyl group (the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two alkyl groups)
The generic formula of a ketone is shown below
R and R’ may be the same alkyl groups, or they may be different

7. Acetone is the simplest ketone The suffix for ketones is “one”
Naming Ketones
Acetone is the simplest ketone
The suffix for ketones is “one”
propanone
acetone

8. Carboxylic Acids
The functional group of carboxylic acid is the carboxyl group
Carboxyl = carbonyl + hydroxyl

9. Naming Carboxylic Acids
The suffix for carboxylic acids is “oic acid”
An example of a carboxylic acid is acetic acid
ethanoic acid
acetic acid

10. Example

11. Esters
The generic formula of an ester is:
Esters are condensation products between carboxylic acids and alcohols

12. An example of an ester is pentyl acetate, an artificial banana flavorH C H C H C H C H O C C H 3 2 2 2 2 3
pentyl ethanoate
pentyl acetate

13. Examples of Esters acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) methyl salicylate
(wintergreen)

14. The generic formula of an amide is:
Amides
The generic formula of an amide is:
Amides are condensation products between carboxylic acids and amines C N R 1 O 2 3 R C O H
NR2

15. An example of an amide is acetaminophen, an analgesic
Tylenol®

16. Summary of the Functional Groups
Alkane
C-C single bond
Aldehyde
Terminal carbonyl (C=O), RCHO
Alkene
C=C double bond
Ketone
Carbonyl (C=O), R2C=O
Alkyne
C≡C triple bond
Carboxylic Acid
Carboxyl group, RCO2H
Aromatic
Benzene ring
Ester
Carboxylic acid + alcohol, RCO2R’
Alcohol
Hydroxyl group, ROH
Amide
Carboxylic acid + amine, RCONR2
Ether
Oxygen bridge, ROR’
Amine
Nitrogen, R3N
No Naming of Amides and Esters

17. Identify the Functional Groups
Ethynylestradiol
“novestrol”
Ortho-Cyclen

18. Identify the Functional Groups
This is cocaine

19. Identify the Functional Groups
Penicillin G

20. Identify the Functional Groups
What is the total number of functional groups?
Oxytetracycline
antibiotic