1. Ch 22: Organic Chemistry

2. Section 1: Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds: covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides.
Carbon is unique in that its electronic structure allows it:
to bind to itself to form chains and rings
to bind covalently to other elements
to bind to itself and other elements in different arrangements.

3. Catenation: the covalent bonding of an element to itself to form chains or rings.
Can be linked by single, double, or triple covalent bonds.
Hydrocarbons: composed of only carbon and hydrogen; they are the simplest organic compounds.
Other organic compounds have hydrocarbon backbones with elements like O, N, S, and the halogens attached.
Isomers: compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.

4. Structural Formulas
Structural Formula: indicates the number and types of atoms present in a molecule and shows the bonding arrangement of the atoms.
A condensed structural formula is when the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen is not shown.
Butane can also be CH3—CH2—CH2—CH3

5. Geometric Isomers
Isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different.
Cis: on the same side.
Trans: on opposite sides.

6. Structural Isomers
Also called “constitutional isomers”, are isomers in which the atoms are bonded together in different orders.
Ex: Both are C4H10
Structural Isomers can have different physical or chemical properties.
Ex: Different melting points, boiling points, and density.

7. Section 2: Hydrocarbons
Remember, these contain only Carbon and Hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons are grouped by the type of bonding between the carbon atoms.
Saturated Hydrocarbons are when each carbon atom in the molecule forms four single covalent bonds with other atoms.

8. Alkanes Alkanes: hydrocarbons with only single bonds.
Formula for finding molecular formula for alkanes: CnH2n+2
Examples: Find the molecular formula for the following n values.
n=5
C5H12
n=12
C12H26
n=30
C30H62

9. Alkanes Cont…
Only Alkanes with four or more carbon atoms have structural isomers because they can be straight or branched.
The number of structural isomers increases greatly as the number of carbon atoms in alkanes increases.

10. Systematic Naming of Alkanes
Unbranched-Chain Alkane Nomenclature
Find the prefix that corresponds to the number of carbon atoms in the chain of the hydrocarbon.
Then add the suffix –ane to the prefix.
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3
7 Carbons is hept- and add –ane to make heptane.

11. # of Carbon Atoms
Prefix 1
Meth- 6
Hex- 2
Eth- 7
Hept- 3
Prop- 8
Oct- 4
But- 9
Non- 5
Pent- 10
Dec-

12. Branched-Chain Alkane Nomenclature
Alkyl Groups are groups of atoms that are formed when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane molecule.
Alkyl groups are named by replacing the suffix –ane with –yl.
Alkyl Group
Name
-CH3
Methyl
-CH2—CH3
Ethyl
-CH2—CH2—CH3
Propyl
-CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3
Butyl
-CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3
Pentyl

13. “Prefix for number of carbons” + “-ane”
Alkane Nomenclature
Name the parent hydrocarbon: find the longest continuous chain of carbons that have straight-chain branches.
“Prefix for number of carbons” + “-ane”
Add the names of the alkyl groups: add them in alphabetical order and if there is more than one of the same group present, attach the appropriate numerical prefix to the name.

14. Number the carbon atoms in the parent hydrocarbon: Number them carbon atoms in the chain to give the lowest numbers possible in the name. If there are two equal lowest positions with two different alkyl groups, give the lowest number to the alkyl group that comes first alphabetically, before prefixes are added.
Insert Position Numbers: put position numbers of each alkyl group in front of the name of that group. We do not use the number 1.
Punctuate the name: Use hyphens to separate the position numbers from the names. If there is more than one number if front of a name, use commas to separate the numbers.

15. Examples: Name the following simple branched-chain alkanes:
CH3—CH—CH2—CH—CH—CH3
| | |
CH CH3 CH3
CH3—CH—CH2—CH3 |
CH3

16. Drawing Alkanes
Draw the hydrocarbon chain: Looking at the prefix, determine how many carbons in the parent chain. Leave room to add in hydrogens.
Add Alkyl Groups: Using the numbers in the name, determine the locations of any alkyl groups.
Correct Alkyl Groups: Using the prefixes, make sure the alkyl groups are correct using the alkyl name. ex. Methyl is CH3 , Ethyl is CH2—CH3

17. Examples
Draw the condensed structural formula for each of the following:
2,4-dimethylpentane
4-ethyl-3-methylheptane
methylpropane

18. Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes are alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic structure.
Structural Formula for Cyclopentane.
Formula for finding molecular formula for cycloalkanes: CnH2n

19. Homework
Ch 22.1 pg 714 #1-3
and
Ch 22.2 pg 741 #15-17

20. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: are hydrocarbons in which not all carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds.
They have one or more double bonds or triple bonds.
Carbon atoms easily form double and triple bonds to other carbons atoms, so multiple bonds between carbon atoms are common in organic compounds.

21. Alkenes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds
Formula for finding molecular formula for noncyclic alkenes with one double bond: CnH2n
Because alkenes have a double bond, they can have geometric isomers.

22. Systematic Naming of Alkenes
Rules are similar to those for naming an alkane.
The parent hydrocarbon is the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains the double bond.
The carbon atoms are numbered so that the first carbon atom in the double bond has the lowest number.
If there is more than one double bond, the suffix is changed to indicate the number of double bonds. Ex: 2 = -adiene = atriene

23. Alkene Nomenclature
Name the parent hydrocarbon: find the longest continuous chain of carbons that contains the double bond(s).
“Prefix for number of carbons” + “-ene”
If more than one double bond, modify the suffix.
Add the names of the alkyl groups: add them in alphabetical order and if there is more than one of the same group present, attach the appropriate numerical prefix to the name.

24. Number the carbon atoms in the parent hydrocarbon: Number them carbon atoms in the chain so that the first carbon atom in the double bond nearest the end of the chain has the lowest number. If numbering from both ends gives the same numbers, then number from the end nearest the first alkyl group.
Insert Position Numbers: place double-bond position numbers before the name of the parent hydrocarbon and the alkyl group position numbers before the name of the corresponding alkyl group.
Punctuate the name: Use hyphens to separate the position numbers from the names. If there is more than one number if front of a name, use commas to separate the numbers.

25. Examples: Name the following alkenes: CH3 | CH3—CH—C=CH2 CH2—CH3
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH=CH—CH3

26. Alkynes Alkynes: hydrocarbons that contain triple covalent bonds
Formula for finding molecular formula for noncyclic alkanes with one triple bond: CnH2n-2

27. Systematic Naming of Alkynes
Rules are similar to those for naming an alkene.
If there is more than one triple bond, the suffix is changed to indicate the number of triple bonds. Ex: 2 = -adiyne = atriyne

28. Alkyne Nomenclature
Name the parent hydrocarbon: find the longest continuous chain of carbons that contains the triple bond(s).
“Prefix for number of carbons” + “-yne”
If more than one triple bond, modify the suffix.
Add the names of the alkyl groups: add them in alphabetical order and if there is more than one of the same group present, attach the appropriate numerical prefix to the name.

29. Number the carbon atoms in the parent hydrocarbon: Number them carbon atoms in the chain so that the first carbon atom in the triple bond nearest the end of the chain has the lowest number. If numbering from both ends gives the same numbers, then number from the end nearest the first alkyl group.
Insert Position Numbers: place triple-bond position numbers before the name of the parent hydrocarbon and the alkyl group position numbers before the name of the corresponding alkyl group.
Punctuate the name: Use hyphens to separate the position numbers from the names. If there is more than one number if front of a name, use commas to separate the numbers.

30. Examples: Name the following alkynes: CH≡C—CH—CH3 | CH3
CH3—CH2—CH2—C≡CH

31. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: have six-membered carbon rings and delocalized electrons.
Benzene: is the primary aromatic hydrocarbon. C6H6 It is a six carbon atom ring with three double bonds.

32. Section 3: Functional Groups
Functional Group: is an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound.
Compounds that contain the same functional group can be classified together because they will undergo the same types of chemical reactions.

33. Classes of Organic Compounds
Alcohols: are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups.
Functional Group: —OH
Alkyl Halides: are organic compounds in which one or more halogen atoms—fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine—are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms.
Functional Group: —X (X= F, Cl, Br, or I)

34. Ether: are organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygen.
Functional Group: —O—
Aldehydes: are organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon-atom chain. O ||
Functional Group: —C—H

35. Ketone: are organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain. O ||
Functional Group: —C—
Amine: are organic compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of ammonia, NH3.
Functional Group: —N— |

36. Carboxylic Acids: are organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group.||
Functional Group: —C—OH
Ester: are organic compounds that have carboxylic acid groups in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an alkyl group.
Functional Group: —C—O—

37. Homework
Ch 22.2 pg 729 #5 and pg 742 #19-20
and
Ch 22.3 pg 734 #1