1. Foundations of Civilization
Chapter 1
Section 3

2. Key Terms Surplus Division of labor Traditional economy Civilization
Artisans
Cultural diffusion

3. From Villages to Cities
Advances in Farming
Increased production
Irrigation systems
Produced a surplus
Surplus-excess food
Surplus food larger populations

4. Changing Economies Fewer people needed to farm Could do other jobs
Division of labor-each worker specializes in a particular task or job
Traditional economy-economic decisions based on custom, tradition, or ritual

5. Characteristics of Cities
Cities are larger and densely populated
Early cities contain many unrelated people
Have more formal organization
Served as centers of trade

6. First Civilizations Complex and organized society Characteristics
Developed cities
Organized governments
Formalized religion
Specialization of labor
Social classes
Record keeping and writing
Art and architecture

7. Developed Cities Political, economic, cultural centers
Organized governments
Created laws
Established justice
Supervised food production
Building projects
Gathered taxes
Provided defense

8. Formalized Religion Priests performed rituals Sacrifice or offering
Built large temples
Priests became powerful
Government and religion connected

9. Specialization of Labor
Engineers planned cities
Soldiers defended the city
Artisans-skilled craftsman
Basketry
Carpentry
Metal work
pottery
Merchants and Traders

10. Social Classes Occupation Wealth Social order
Rulers, priests, nobles most power
Merchants artisans next
Farmers, unskilled labor
Slaves at the bottom

11. Record Keeping and Writing
As society grew, record were necessary
Keep records of trade
Records of taxes
Used clay tokens stored in pouch
Knotted stings (Incas)
Writing 5,000 year ago
Calendars invented

12. The Arts Statues Paintings Intricate pieces of bronze Placed on
Usually gods, goddesses
Heroes, rulers
Intricate pieces of bronze
Placed on
Buildings
Tombs

13. Environmental Influences
Flooding
Wipe out crops
Wipe out cities
Drought
Kill livestock
Loses fertility
To obtain resources people traded

14. Spread of People and Ideas
Cultural diffusion-spread of beliefs, customs, and technology from one culture to another
Done through trade
Learned new languages
Writing
Religions

15. Expansion and Warfare Needed more land and resources
Conflict over land and water
Seaports
Between nomads and civilization
Nomads usually skilled warriors