1. EMILY BRONTE Wuthering Heights

2.  Born July 30, 1818, one of six children and lived in a desolate area of Haworth, Yorkshire, England which inspired the setting of this novel  Mother died when Bronte was 3, two sisters died of TB before Bronte’s 10 th birthday-disease and death were a constant in her family  Raised by an aunt who, though very religious, also allowed the children to use their imaginations and create their own worlds EMILY BRONTE  Bronte died December 19, 1848, a year after this novel was published. She caught a cold at her brother’s funeral and it progressed to tuberculosis.

3.  The Bronte sisters, Emily, Charlotte and Anne, published their own book of poetry with male pseudonyms: Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. They only sold 2 copies, but soon began novels  Each sister published a novel at about the same time. Charlotte’s Jane Eyre was the most critically and financially accepted. Wuthering Heights is now considered by critics to be the best of the sisters’ novels. THE BRONTE SISTERS

4. THE NOVEL  At the time the novel was written, capitalism and the Industrial Revolution were the mainstay of the British economy.  Cash became more important than land, so many of the middle class had more economic power than those of the upper class.  Relationships between the classes are a part of the novel with each group featured: Hareton-farming class Lintons-the gentry Heathcliff-rich capitalist  The new wealthy capitalist wanted the same standing as traditional gentlemen and two marriages in the novel are possible because of these changes in class and status  Novel is a frame narrative-story within story within story. This form allows reader to go deeper into the story

5.  Married women could not own property until 1882  Daughters did not automatically inherit property unless provided for in the will  Heathcliff uses knowledge of women’s property rights to exact his revenge WOMEN’S RIGHTS

6. ROMANTICISM  Movement in response to the rationality of the Restoration Period and the issues surrounding the Industrial Revolution  This novel considered Romantic because of the following elements Nature as a powerful spiritual force Descriptions of countryside Elevated level of emotion and passion Strong interest in death Portrayal of opposites: escape/pursuit, calm/turbulence, classes, suffering/peace Isolation both emotional and geographical Elements of supernatural

7.  Heathcliff referred to as Byronic hero because of these elements Conflicting emotions and moodiness Self-criticism Mysterious origins Distaste for social institution and norms Self-destructive tendencies A loner BYRONIC HERO

8. GOTHIC NOVEL  The form began in Britain in late 1700s. Elements of A castle, ruined or haunted Extreme landscapes and weather Death and madness Omens Ancestral curses Terrifying events Taboo topics Supernatural Villain or villain-hero driven by passion A hero whose true identity is unknown until the end A curious or persecuted heroine Revenge