1. MS. WOLF LANGUAGE ARTS Phrases

2. Review Notes on these Phrases Participial Phrase: Infinitive Phrase: Gerund Phrase: Infinitive Phrase:

3. Participial Phrase The participial phrase is always used as an adjective phrase to modify a noun or pronoun. It includes the participle together with its modifiers, objects, or predicate words. The present participle form always ends in -ing, but the endings for past perfect and passive perfect participles may vary. ex. Walking rapidly, we reached the town in fifteen minutes. Annoyed by the noise, the teacher spoke sharply to the class. Tom, having won the chess game, looked up happily. Having won every game but one, Ohio State now led the Big Ten.

4. Infinitive Phrase The infinitive phrase begins with the word to. The phrase consists of to, the infinitive (always a verb), its complements, and its modifiers. Ex. Tim wants to be a lawyer. (The infinitive phrase is the object of wants.) To win at chess requires much concentration. (The infinitive phrase is the subject.) Mary was glad to be invited to the party. (The infinitive phrase modifies the adjective glad.)

5. Gerund Phrase The gerund phrase consists of the gerund, which always ends in -ing, and its modifiers and complements. The gerund phrase is always used as a noun. Driving a car takes concentration. (The gerund phrase is the subject of the verb takes). Paul finished painting the ceiling. (The gerund phrase is the direct object of finished). After hiking for two hours, we sat down to rest. (The gerund phrase is the object of the preposition after. Identifying Gerund Phrases: Underline the gerund phrases in the sentences below.

6. Infinitive Phrase The infinitive phrase begins with the word to. The phrase consists of to, the infinitive (always a verb), its complements, and its modifiers. Ex. Tim wants to be a lawyer. (The infinitive phrase is the object of wants.) To win at chess requires much concentration. (The infinitive phrase is the subject.) Mary was glad to be invited to the party. (The infinitive phrase modifies the adjective glad.)

7. Moods in Verbs Most Indo-European languages, in addition to verb tenses (which demonstrate time), have verb moods (which indicate a state of being or reality). For instance, the most common moods in English include the following: The indicative (indicating a state of factuality and reality): "A cat sits on the stove." Most sentences in English are in the indicative mood. It simply states a fact of some sort, or describes what happens, or gives details about reality. The imperative (indicating a state of command): "Give me back my money." One marker of the imperative is that frequently the subject does not appear in the sentence, but is only implied: "(You) Give me back my money."

8. The interrogative (indicating a state of questioning): "Will you leave me alone now?" One marker of the interrogative is that frequently the speaker inverts the subject-verb order by placing the helping verb first, before the subject: "Will you leave me alone?" instead of "You will leave me alone." Frequently the interrogative appears with requests for a course of action or requests for information. The conditional (indicating a conditional state that will cause something else to happen): "The bomb might explode if I jiggle that switch." Also, "The bomb could explode if you jiggle that switch." The conditional is marked by the words might, could, and would. Frequently, a phrase in the conditional appears closely linked to a phrase in the subjunctive (see below) preceded by a subordinate conjunction like if.