1. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Statistical Division Gender Pay Gap UNECE Statistical Division

2. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 2 Gender Pay Gap What is it? Average difference between men and women earnings Average difference of what men and women take out of employment in monetary terms Gender Pay Gap

3. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 3 Gender Pay Gap What is it? (average men earnings – average women earnings)/average men earnings It is not the % of women earnings compared with men earnings (IT IS A GAP) Gender Pay Gap

4. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 4 Gender Pay Gap It is the average difference of what earnings? Yearly? Monthly? Hourly? It depends Gender Pay Gap

5. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 5 Gender Pay Gap It is the average difference of what earnings? Only waged-employment? Include self-employment? It should include self-employment, but de- facto it rarely does Gender Pay Gap

6. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 6 Gender Pay Gap Why do we use it? What is that we are trying to measure? Gender Pay Gap

7. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 7 What is that we are trying to measure? Discrimination in employment? Segregation in the labour market? No, Gender Pay Gap is a simple general aggregated measure of different participation in employment Gender Pay Gap

8. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 8 What is that we are trying to measure? GPG is like life expectancy, it is an outcome indicator and does not explain why the difference exist Gender Pay Gap

9. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 9 What is that we are trying to measure? Some people criticize GPG because they say that “the difference in earnings does not reveal a discrimination, GPS is due to the fact that women work less hours than men” GPG does not measure discrimination, it only reveals that there is a different out-take between women and men in employment other studies related for example to segregation, participation, and discrimination can explain this difference GPG does not measure if women and men have the same earnings for the same job Gender Pay Gap

10. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 10 What is that we are trying to measure? There are attempts to “adjust” GPG to better measure discrimination taking the average difference by occupation for example this reduces the GPG, but an “adjusted” GPG will never measure only discrimination Gender Pay Gap

11. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 11 What is that we are trying to measure? GPG based on hourly earnings eliminates the effect of part-time jobs for example Is this useful? It depends….. Gender Pay Gap

12. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 12 Gender Pay Gap How can it be measured? Gender Pay Gap

13. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 13 How can it be measured? The basic statistics needed are earnings (yearly, hourly, monthly) by sex Different averages have a different interpretation (hourly versus yearly) Different averages are not comparable trends-analysis should be based on the same concept Gender Pay Gap

14. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 14 How can it be measured? Should it include: Net salary? Gross salary? It depends……. Gender Pay Gap

15. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 15 How can it be measured? Labour Force Surveys? Enterprise Surveys? It depends……… By the concept of earnings they measure Gender Pay Gap

16. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 16 Labour Force Surveys They can include self- employment They include public and private employment Enterprise surveys They can be more accurate They may exclude public employemnt Gender Pay Gap

17. - UNECE Statistical Division Slide 17 Thank you !