1. Quantitative research approaches 1. Descriptive research involves collecting data in order to test hypotheses or answer questions regarding the subjects of the study. The data are typically collected through a questionnaire, an interview, or through observation.

2. Quantitative research approaches Some examples of descriptive research studies mentioned are: 1. How do junior high school students spend their time? 2. How will citizens of Tainan City vote in the next election? 3. How do parents feel about the bimodal distribution of English scores?

3. Quantitative research approaches 2. Correlational research attempts to determine whether and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more numerical variables. The investigator frequently uses the correlation coefficient to report the results of correlational research.

4. Quantitative research approaches Some examples of correlational research. 1. The relationship between intelligence and self-esteem 2. The relationship between anxiety and achievement 3. The use of an aptitude test to predict success in a science course

5. Quantitative research approaches 3. Causal-comparative research attempts to establish cause- effect relationships among the variables of the study.

6. Quantitative research approaches Here are some examples of causal- comparative research studies. 1. Effects of preschool attendance on social maturity 2. Effects of having a working mother on school absenteeism 3. Effects of sex (gender) on English proficiency

7. Quantitative research approaches 4. Experimental research like causal- comparative research attempts to establish cause-effect relationship among the groups of subjects that make up the independent variable of the study, but in the case of experimental research, the cause (the independent variable) is under the control of the experimenter.

8. Quantitative research approaches The following are some examples of experimental research. 1. The comparative effectiveness of personalized instruction versus traditional instruction on writing skill 2. The effect of self-paced instruction on self- concept 3. The effect of positive reinforcement on attitude toward school