1. 1 CRJS 4467 Lecture #3 1. 1. Course Administration in-class presentations - sign up list in-class presentations - sign up list essays? essays? questions? questions?

2. 2 2. Institutional - Anomie Theory of Crime Quetelet and Guerry as the pioneers of Quetelet and Guerry as the pioneers of quantitative criminology - the ‘moral quantitative criminology - the ‘moral statisticians’ statisticians’ Durkheim - social change, normlessness and Durkheim - social change, normlessness and anomie - in suicide, he analyses the homicide anomie - in suicide, he analyses the homicide rate rate University of Chicago - the ‘social pathology’ University of Chicago - the ‘social pathology’ approach, crime stemming from social approach, crime stemming from social disorganization disorganization

3. 3 Robert K. Merton (1938) - “Social Structure & Robert K. Merton (1938) - “Social Structure & Anomie” Anomie” - note the critique of the biological/utilitarian approach here - how do you explain deviations approach here - how do you explain deviations from otherwise normal patterns of behaviour - from otherwise normal patterns of behaviour - how do we explain, predict the factors that how do we explain, predict the factors that bring about large scale departures from bring about large scale departures from conformity - “social structure” conformity - “social structure” - social structures ‘exert a definite pressure’ on some individuals to engage in deviant behaviour some individuals to engage in deviant behaviour

4. 4 - two major components of social structure - (1) culturally defined goals, purposes and (1) culturally defined goals, purposes and and interests, and (2) culturally defined and interests, and (2) culturally defined definitions, regulations and control on the means definitions, regulations and control on the means used to achieve goals used to achieve goals - note that the stress placed on particular goals, and the availability of means may not always be the availability of means may not always be in proportion with one another in proportion with one another

5. 5 Culture GoalsInstitutionalized Means Conformity ++ Innovation + - Ritualism - + Retreatism - - Rebellion+/-+/-

6. 6 conformity is most common in society conformity is most common in society retreatism is the least common retreatism is the least common note that the preponderance of innovation, note that the preponderance of innovation, ritualism, rebellion will vary at different points ritualism, rebellion will vary at different points in the development of society, and with the in the development of society, and with the personality, cultural background of individuals personality, cultural background of individuals

7. 7 Albert Cohen (1955) “Delinquent Boys: The Albert Cohen (1955) “Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang” Culture of the Gang” - the development of the delinquent subculture as a response to status deprivation - subculture as a response to status deprivation - being confronted by the problem of ‘wanting’ being confronted by the problem of ‘wanting’ versus ‘able’ to achieve culturally defined versus ‘able’ to achieve culturally defined and rewarded statuses and rewarded statuses - a group of individuals with similar problems of adjustment brought together adjustment brought together

8. 8 - out of delinquent group interaction the characteristics they do possess are reconceived characteristics they do possess are reconceived as meritorious - as the valid status characteristics as meritorious - as the valid status characteristics - achievement of status within the group, then, is accompanied by loss of status outside the group accompanied by loss of status outside the group (not the rudiments of primary and secondary (not the rudiments of primary and secondary deviance here) deviance here) - repudiation of middle-class standards, substitution of others of others - legitimation of aggression, other behaviours

9. 9 Cloward and Ohlin (1960) “Delinquency and Cloward and Ohlin (1960) “Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs” Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs” - note the integration of juvenile delinquency with adult criminality in lower-class neighbourhoods adult criminality in lower-class neighbourhoods - the subcultural definition of criminal activity as legitimate activity, as a means of achieving what legitimate activity, as a means of achieving what are largely conventional goals - hence, in the are largely conventional goals - hence, in the delinquent subculture, many of Merton’s delinquent subculture, many of Merton’s categories are seen: innovation, retreatism categories are seen: innovation, retreatism

10. 10 - again, deviance perceived as a search for solutions to problems of adjustment solutions to problems of adjustment - note an important point here: if the ‘problem of adjustment’ is perceived to be more of adjustment’ is perceived to be more permanent, then the motivation to deviance permanent, then the motivation to deviance may be much higher may be much higher - the social environment provides the pressure, but not determine the form of deviance (this is not determine the form of deviance (this is important to keep in mind, sociologically) important to keep in mind, sociologically)

11. 11 - the greater the discrepancy between means and ends, the stronger the pressures to deviance the stronger the pressures to deviance - two types of delinquent responses - the criminal, and the conflict and the conflict - the process of alienation - individual versus social failure failure - illegitimate means and subcultures - illegitimate opportunties

12. 12 the criminal subculture (integrated) the criminal subculture (integrated) the conflict subculture (disorganized) the conflict subculture (disorganized) the retreatist subculture the retreatist subculture the importance of neighbourhood stability here the importance of neighbourhood stability here the consequences of urban decline the consequences of urban decline “absence of effective guardianship” “absence of effective guardianship”

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