1. Climate Changes (61) Climatologists—people who study climates— using a system developed in 1918 by Wladimir Köppen to classify climates. Types of plants found in a region depend on the climate of the area. The climate classification system separates climates into six groups— tropical, mild, dry, continental, polar, and high elevation.

3. Organisms are adapted to their environment. An adaptation is any structure or behavior that helps an organism survive in its environment. Structural adaptations are inherited. Once adapted to a particular climate, organisms may not be able to survive in other climates.

4. Some organisms have body structures that help them survive in certain climates. The fur of mammals is really hair that insulates them from cold temperatures. The waxy stem covering prevents water inside the cactus from evaporating.

5. Some organisms display behavioral adaptations that help them survive in a particular climate. For example, rodents and certain other mammals undergo a period of greatly reduced activity in winter called hibernation. During hibernation, body temperature drops and body processes are reduced to a minimum. On hot, sunny days, desert snakes hide under rocks. At night when it’s cooler, they slither out in search of food. http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=TpY4frpheWwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=TpY4frpheWw

6. Earth’s Season Seasons are short periods of climatic change caused by changes in the amount of solar radiation an area receives. Earth is tilted, different areas of Earth receive changing amounts of solar radiation throughout the year.

7. The tropics do not change much from season to season. Temperate zones, have warm summers and cool winters. Spring and fall are mild. During summer at the north pole, the Sun doesn’t set for nearly six months. During that same time, the sun never rises at the south pole.

8. El Nino and La Nina El Niño is a climatic event that involves the tropical Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere. During normal years, strong trade winds that blow east to west along the equator push warm surface water toward the western Pacific Ocean. During El Niño years, these winds weaken and sometimes reverse. The change in winds allows warm, tropical water in the upper layers of the Pacific to flow back eastward to South America.

9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FVZrw7bk1w

10. La Nina The opposite of El Niño is La Niña. The winds blowing across the Pacific are stronger than normal, causing warm water to accumulate in the western Pacific. May cause droughts in the southern United States and excess rain fall in the northwestern United States.

11. What causes climatic change? Catastrophic events, including meteorite collisions and large volcanic eruptions, can affect climate over short periods of time, such as a year or several years.

12. Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted in 1991. During the eruption, particles were spread high into the atmosphere and circled the globe. Over time, particles spread around the world, blocking some of the Sun’s energy from reaching Earth. These small particles can affect climate.

13. Earth’s Movement Earth’s axis currently is tilted 23.5° from perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the Sun. In the past, this tilt has increased to 24.5° and has decreased to 21.5°.

14. Climatic Change Today The greenhouse effect is a natural heating process that occurs when certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat. Radiation from the Sun strikes Earth’s surface and causes it to warm. Some of this heat then is radiated back toward space. http://www.youtube.com /watch?v=oJAbATJCugshttp://www.youtube.com /watch?v=oJAbATJCugs

15. Gases in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases, absorb a portion of this heat and then radiate heat back towards Earth. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane are some of the most important ones. Without these greenhouse gases, life would not be possible on Earth.

16. Global Warming Over the past 100 years, the average global surface temperature on Earth has increased by 0.6°C. This increase in temperature is known as global warming. Researchers hypothesize that the increase in global temperatures may be related to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. If Earth’s average temperature continues to rise, many glaciers could melt. When glaciers melt, the extra water causes sea levels to rise. Low-lying coastal areas could experience increased flooding.

17. Human Activity Effecting Clmiate When natural gas, oil, and coal are burned for energy, the carbon in these fossil fuels combines with atmospheric oxygen to form carbon dioxide. Destroying and cutting down trees, called deforestation, also affects the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_ZQRIsn2pA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSKSZlUYtnc

18. Short periods of climatic change caused by changes in the amount of solar radiation an area receives are called __________. A. adjustments B. El Nino C. greenhouse effects D. seasons

19. What is the greenhouse effect? The greenhouse effect is a natural heating process that occurs when gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap heat.

20. Destroying and cutting down trees is called __________. A. clear cutting B. deforestation C. timber management D. vandalism