2. Overview Progression of Russian Economy 19 th Century Influences on Crime and Punishment and Textual Appearances

3. Progression of Russian Economy 19 th Century

4. Economy Early 1800s Largely agrarian based Limited industry, comparatively “backwards” Social-Economic Classes – Nobles (Landowners) – Free Peasants (Tenant Farmers) – Serfs (Farmers tied to land) Hundreds of serf uprisings

5. The Crimean War (1852-56) Russia fought against western Europe Russian industry was insufficient – Shortage of weapons, munitions, and machinery – Poor railway network – Ill-equipped army Russia suffered terrible losses Need for modernization clearly realized

6. 1861-Freeing the Serfs Tsar Alexander II issues emancipation of serfs 1861 – 44% of population, 22 million serfs – Owned by 100,000 landowners (pomeshchiki) – Paid owners bonds, serfs owed collective debt Motivation of modernization – Last European country with serfdom – Mobile industrial labor source – Easier conscription

7. Economic Analysis Serfs gained economic freedoms – Small pieces of land distributed – Many formed village communes – Peasants struggled to pay 50 year debt – Landowners’ Gov. bonds devalued Progress was not immediate – Most serfs not much better off – Emerging small, successful peasant class (Kulak)

8. 1870s-Rise of Industry Large expansion of railroad network Growth of urban centers and population – Moscow, Kiev, St. Petersburg, Baltic Coast Coal, steel, and petroleum production increase Mining and industrial development

9. 1890s – Sergei Witte Finance/Transportation Minister of Russia – Encouraged foreign investment – Moved to gold standard (1897) – Heavy taxation of peasants – Trans-Siberian Railroad (1904) – Large deficit spending Greater growth in 1890s than in entire previous century

10. Trans-Siberian Railroad Moscow to Vladivostok (1904) Connected east and west – Resource deposits in east – Factories and ports in west Costly to build but good investment

11. Statistical Figures 1850  1890 Population doubled 1860  1890 Coal production up 1,200% 1890 – 20,000 miles RR, 1.4 Million factory workers 1890  1900 Coal, Iron, Oil production tripled 1900  1/2 of heavy industry foreign owned 4 th in world steel production, 2 nd petroleum

12. Influences on Crime and Punishment and Textual Appearances

13. Russian Urbanization-Setting Serfs moved to cities  Industrial Proletariat Rapid industrialization/urbanization – Poor grade housing, tenements, overcrowding – Unhygienic living conditions, pollution – Poor nutrition, crime, spread of disease Pg.5-6 “accustomed to shabbiness” / “drunken men” / “house […] more like a cupboard” Marfa’s Tuberculosis, people getting ill Pg.120 “Soup and meat” / “spoonfuls of soup”

14. More Quotes “A disgusting place – filthy, stinking” Pg. 143 Raskolnikov “There have been many economic changes” Pg. 147 Zossimov “Love yourself above everyone else, for everything in the world relies on self-interest” “Economic truth adds” / “We have been hindered by idealism and sentimentalism” Pg. 145 Luzhin

15. Revolutionary Idealists Capitalism – Profits, free markets Utilitarianism – Greatest good for majority Socialism – Collective ownership of factories Communism – Classless society of equality Utopian Societies Lebeziatnikov’s ideas Pg.351 “through communes” / “normal condition of women” / “protest against the organization of society”

16. Development of Worker’s Parties Urban strikes and unionization Russian Social Democratic Labor Party – 1898 United Socialist Revolutionary Party Petrograd Soviet in 20 th Century Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks Siberian labor sentences used criminals and political dissidents Raskolnikov sentenced to hard labor – Pg.507 “second-class convict Rodian”

17. Works Cited