1. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Battle of Saratoga (1777) –Turning Point of the War –French Enter

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Battle of Yorktown 1781 Last Major Battle Cornwallis surrenders

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Treaty of Paris Officially Ends the war Articulated Borders (everything east of Mississppi and from Great lakes to Florida) Allow the collection of debts Respect loyalists property

4. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Republican Experiment: A New Political Morality 6

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Defining Republican Culture Republicanism—new core ideology –Uncompromising commitment to liberty and equality –Evangelical notions of high public morality Post-Revolutionary divisions – Balancing individual liberty with social order – Balancing property rights with equality Varying answers resulted in variety of republican governments

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Living in the Shadow of Revolution Revolution introduced unintended changes into American society Hierarchical social relations challenged Fundamental questions raised about the meaning of equality

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Social and Political Reform Cincinnatus Crisis Changes in laws of inheritance to erase feudal elements Property qualifications for voting reduced Capitols moved to enable better representation for frontier settlers Separation of church and state

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands African Americans in the New Republic Abolitionist sentiment spread in wake of the Revolution –John Woolman African Americans embraced Declaration’s stress on natural rights African American intellectual success made it hard to deny their equality –Benjamin Banneker, math and astronomy –Phyllis Wheatley, poetry

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands African Americans in the New Republic: Emancipation Northern states –By 1800, slavery was legally dying in North –Racism and segregation remained Southerners debated abolition – Some individuals freed slaves – Economic motives overcame republican ideals – Cotton gin breathed new life into slavery

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Challenge of Women’s Rights Pre-Revolutionary trend ended tyranny in the family –Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education Women demanded the natural right of equality Nurtured proper values through “Republican Motherhood”

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Challenge of Women’s Rights Women more assertive in divorce, economic life Denied political and legal rights

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The States: Experiments in Republicanism Revolutionary state constitutions served as experiments in republican government Insights gleaned from state experiences later applied to constructing central government

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Blueprints for State Government State constitution writers insisted on preparing written documents Precedents in colonial charters, church covenants Major break with England’s unwritten constitution

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Natural Rights and the State Constitutions State constitutions guaranteed natural rights: – Freedom of religion – Freedom of speech – Freedom of the press – Private property – Trial by jury

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Natural Rights and the State Constitutions Governors weakened Elected legislatures given most power

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Power to the People Procedure for adoption of Constitution pioneered by Massachusetts – Constitution written by a special convention – Ratification by referendum of the people Dangers to the new constitutions –Population succumbed to material temptation and greed –Personal liberty threatened property

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Stumbling Toward a New National Government War for independence required coordination among states Central government first created to meet wartime need for coordination

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Articles of Confederation John Dickinson’s plan for central government – Proposed cession of West to Congress opposed – Proposed equality in state representation opposed Articles of Confederation severely limited central government’s authority over states

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Articles of Confederation: Central Government Structure and Power Each state had one vote –Could send two to seven representatives No executive No taxing power Amendments required unanimity

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Articles of Confederation: Central Government Structure and Power In charge of foreign and Native American relations, military, and disputes between states No western lands

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Western Land: Key to the First Constitution Native Americans lost out when British left Maryland’s ratification of Articles delayed for Virginia’s renunciation of western claims 1781—Virginia took lead in ceding western claims to Congress Other states ceded claims to Congress Congress gained ownership of all land west of Appalachians

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Western Land Claims Ceded by the States

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Northwest Ordinance: The Confederation’s Major Achievement Land Ordinance –Orderly division of land into sections and townships –One section set aside to finance school system –Land to sell for minimum of $1 gold per acre Speculation –Manasseh Cutler and the Ohio Company

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Northwest Ordinance: The Confederation’s Major Achievement Northwest Ordinance, 1787 –Created three to five new territories in Northwest –Population of 5,000 may elect Assembly –Population of 60,000 may petition for statehood –Bill of Rights provided –Slavery outlawed

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Northwest Territory

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land Ordinance of 1785

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Strengthening Federal Authority Dissatisfaction with Confederation Economic recovery after the Revolution slow People thought stronger central government would restore economic growth

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Nationalist Critique Restoration of trade with Britain caused trade deficit and hard currency shortage Congress unable to address trade, inflation, and debt Congress had no power to tax Nationalists versus localists

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Nationalist Critique Failure to pay soldiers sparked “Newburgh Conspiracy” (squelched by Washington) Failure of reform prompted nationalists to consider Articles hopelessly defective

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Diplomatic Humiliation Congress failed to get states to collect debts owed British merchants In retaliation, British refused to evacuate Ohio River Valley Spain closed New Orleans to American commerce in 1784 –John Jay to negotiate re-opening Mississippi –Instead, signed treaty favoring Northeast –West and South denounced, Congress rejected Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “Have We Fought for This?” By 1785, the country seemed adrift Washington: “Was it with these expectations that we launched into a sea of trouble?”

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Paragraph Prompt Were the Articles of Confederation merely a reflection of the times or should individuals such as John Dickinson be blamed for its ineffectiveness?

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Genius of James Madison Recognition by 1780s of shortcomings in small state republics –Ordinary citizens not virtuous enough for a republic –Majority did not preserve the property rights of the minority Stronger central government gained support

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Genius of James Madison James Madison persuaded Americans that large republics could be free and democratic –Competing factions would neutralize each other –Federalist #10

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Constitutional Reform May 1786—Annapolis Convention agreed to meet again, write a new constitution Shay’s Rebellion, 1787 –Tax revolt of indebted veterans –Symbolized breakdown in law and order as perceived by propertied classes Crisis strengthened support for new central government

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Philadelphia Convention Convened May 1787 Fifty-five delegates from all states except Rhode Island Delegates possessed wide practical experience Secrecy rule imposed Vote by state, needed only a majority instead of nine states

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Inventing a Federal Republic: The Virginia Plan Central government may veto all state acts Bicameral legislature of state representatives –One house elected, the other appointed –Larger states would have more representatives Chief executive appointed by Congress Small states objected to large-state dominance

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Inventing a Federal Republic: The New Jersey Plan Congress given greater taxing and trade regulation powers Each state would have one vote in a unicameral legislature Articles of Confederation otherwise untouched

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Compromise Saves the Convention Each state given two delegates in the Senate—a victory for the small states House of Representatives based on population—a victory for the large states –All money bills must originate in the House Three-fifths of the slave population counted toward representation in the House

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Compromising with Slavery Issue of slavery threatened Convention’s unity – Northerners tended to be opposed – Southerners threatened to bolt if slavery weakened Slave trade permitted to continue to 1808 “Great as the evil is, a dismemberment of the Union would be worse.” —James Madison

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Last Details July 26—Committee of Detail formed to prepare rough draft Revisions to executive –Electoral College selects president –Executive given a veto over legislation –Executive may appoint judges Decision that Bill of Rights unnecessary

43. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “We, the People” Convention sought to bypass vested interests of state legislatures Power of ratification to special state conventions Constitution to go into effect on approval by nine state conventions Phrase “We, the People” made Constitution a government of the people, not the states

44. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Whose Constitution? Struggle for Ratification Supporters recognized the Constitution went beyond the Convention’s mandate Document referred to states with no recommendation

45. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Federalists Supported the Constitution Name suggests they supported less of a strong central government than they did Well-organized The Federalist Papers

46. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Anti-Federalists Opposed to the Constitution Distrusted any government removed from direct control of the people Suspected the new Constitution favored the rich and powerful Their ideas later reflected in the age of Andrew Jackson

47. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Progress of Ratification No clear correlation between social status and support for Constitution Succeeded in winning ratification in eleven states by June 1788 North Carolina ratified November 1789 Rhode Island ratified May 1790 Americans closed ranks behind the Constitution

48. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Ratification of the Constitution

49. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Adding the Bill of Rights The fruit of anti-Federalist activism Adding Bill of Rights forestalled Second Constitutional Convention Purpose was to protect individual rights from government interference

50. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Adding the Bill of Rights Rights included: –Freedom of assembly, speech, religion, the press, and bearing arms –Speedy trial by a jury of peers –No unreasonable searches First ten amendments added by December 1791

51. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Success Depends on the People Some Americans complained that the new government had a great potential for despotism Others were more optimistic and saw it as a great beginning for the new nation