1. Stops Stops include / p, b, t, d, k, g/ (and glottal stop)
Stops may be described in terms of …
Manner of articulation
Place of articulation
Voicing
Speech Production

2. Manner All stops have same manner of articulation
Sudden burst of air or sudden stop in the burst of air.
All have an aperiodic sound source
All produced from mouth (as opposed to nares)
Rapid changes in articulators result in rapid change in acoustic resonance.
Speech Production

3. Place
Place of articulation refers to where the major constriction occurs.
Bilabial /p, b/
Alveolar (lingua-alveolar) /t, d/
Palatal (lingua-palatal) /k, g/…
Note: may be velar depending upon vowel context.
Glottal
Speech Production

4. Place
Speech Production

5. Spectrograms of Stops
Speech Production

6. Voicing /p, b, k/ are unvoiced /b, d, g/ are voiced
Contain only an aperiodic component
/b, d, g/ are voiced
Contain both periodic and aperiodic component
Speech Production

7. Fricatives Fricatives include Similar to stops … Different than stops
Both contain an aperiodic noise source
Both have a place of maximum constriction
Both may be voiced or unvoiced
Different than stops
Manner of articulation … fricatives involve only a partial constriction of vocal tract. Fricatives are sometime referred to a continuants.
Speech Production

8. Place and voicing
Speech Production

9. Place and voicing
Speech Production

10. Speech Production

11. Affricates
Combination of a stop and fricative .
Speech Production

12. Sound Influence Adaptation Assimilation Coarticulation
Speech Production

13. Adaptation
Variations in articulators as they move from one articulator to another resulting in different allophones.
E.g., “key vs. coo” …. /ki/ vs. /ku/ or “pea vs. pooh” …. /pi/ vs. /pu/
In both instances the production of the stop has been altered due to vowel context.
Speech Production

14. Assimilation
Extreme form of adaptation where production of phoneme is changed due to context.
E.g., the word “think”
Speech Production

15. Coarticulation
Two articulators moving at the same time for different phonemes.
E.g., /tu/. Lips are protruded in anticipation of /u/
During running speech coarticulation (along with adaptation and assimilation) occur constantly.
Speech Production

16. Suprasegmentals Sometimes referred to as prosody. Provide examples
Give speech its color, expression and sbutle meaning
Suprasegmentals include …
Stress
Intonation
Duration and juncture
Speech Production

17. Stress Increase in Effort Intensity Pitch Duration Formant pattern
Speech Production

18. Stress (continued) Acoustic events Increase in fo
Formants not affected by adaptation
Higher muscle activity (e.g., emg)
Vowels have longer duration and are of greater intensity due to increase in subglottal air pressure.
Speech Production

19. Intonation
Change in fundamental frequency.
Speech Production

20. Intonation (continued)
Changing intonation can change meaning & may signal attitude and feelings.
Rising inflection can signal difference between statement and question.
Flat intonation sometimes implies “seriousness”
Can denote sarcasm
May indicate excitement, etc.
Speech Production

21. Intonation (continued)
Speech Production

22. Duration and Junction Duration Juncture
Usually involves changing length of vowel.
May be volitional or involuntary
Vowel before a voiced phoneme is longer than what occurs before an unvoiced consonant. E.g., wet vs. wed
Juncture
Combination of changes in stress and duration can cause change in meaning.
E.g., a name vs. an aim, Contest can mean either “games”, or a “challenge” depending upon context.
Speech Production

23. Summary
Speech Production