1. IS 313 Tomorrow… IS 313 Today? 9/16/09 - today: recursion and beyond! 9/23/09 - next wk: no meeting (DC) 9/30/09 - following wk: for & while Homework functions moved ahead 1 week recursion and beyond… Choosing the right door… ?

2. Computation's Dual Identity name: x type: int LOC: 300 41 "variables as containers" memory location 300 ComputationData Storage name: y type: int LOC: 304 42 memory location 304 accessed through functions… lists and strings…

3. Data: review…

4. # my own function! def dbl( x ): """ returns double its input, x """ return 2*x How functions look Comments Docstrings (1)describes overall what the function does, and (2)explains what the inputs mean/are They become part of python's built-in help system! With each function be sure to include one that They begin with # keywords def starts the function return stops it immediately and sends back the return value Some of Python's baggage… Look good to me!

5. # is it dis-0 or dis-O, anyway? def undo(s): """ this "undoes" its string input, s """ return 'de' + s Functioning with strings and lists… # what does this do? def warp(L): """ L can be any sequence """ return L[1:] + L[0:1] >>> undo(undo('caf')) >>> warp('space') >>> warp('drake')

6. def chop(s): """ mystery! """ return Functioning with strings and lists… def stackup(s): """ mystery! """ return >>> chop('graduate') 'grad' >>> chop(chop('abcd')) 'a' >>> stackup('star') 'starrats' >>> stackup('dumbmob ') 'dumbmob bombmud'

7. # you don't need these comments def chop(s): """ this returns half its string input, s """ return s[:len(s)/2] Functioning with strings and lists… def stackup(s): """ this outputs the original s with the reverse of s tacked onto its end… """ return s + s[::-1] >>> chop('graduate') 'grad' >>> chop(chop('abcd')) 'a' >>> stackup('star') 'starrats' >>> stackup('dumbmob ') 'dumbmob bombmud'

8. return != print >>> answer = dbl(21) def dbl(x): """ doubles x """ return 2*x def dblPR(x): """ doubles x """ print 2*x >>> answer = dbl(21) return provides the function call's value … print just prints

9. Recursion warning: Be sure to watch your head!

10. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) You handle the base case – the easiest possible case to think of! Recursion does almost all of the rest of the problem! Exploit self-similarity Produce short, elegant code Less work ! Let recursion do the work for you.

12. Recursion Examples def mylen(s): """ input: any string, s output: the number of characters in s """ if : else: base case test!

13. Recursion Examples def mylen(s): """ input: any string, s output: the number of characters in s """ if s == '': return 0 else: rest = s[1:] len_of_rest = mylen( rest ) total_len = 1 + len_of_rest return total_len

14. Recursion Examples def mylen(s): """ input: any string, s output: the number of characters in s """ if s == '': return 0 else: rest = s[1:] len_of_rest = mylen( rest ) return 1 + len_of_rest

15. Recursion Examples def mylen(s): """ input: any string, s output: the number of characters in s """ if s == '': return 0 else: rest = s[1:] return 1 + mylen( rest )

16. Recursion Examples def mylen(s): """ input: any string, s output: the number of characters in s """ if s == '': return 0 else: return 1 + mylen(s[1:]) There's not much len left here!

17. mylen('cs5') Behind the curtain…

18. Recursion Examples def mymax(L): """ input: a NONEMPTY list, L output: L's maximum element """ if : elif : else: base case test! another case…

19. Recursion Examples def mymax(L): """ input: a NONEMPTY list, L output: L's maximum element """ if len(L) == 1: return L[0] elif L[0] < L[1]: return mymax( L[1:] ) else: return mymax( L[0:1] + L[2:] ) Hey - do I get a slice?!

20. mymax( [1,7,3,42,5] ) Behind the curtain…

21. Recursion: not just numbers Relationships Self-similarity elsewhere... Natural phenomena Names / Acronyms What is an “ancestor” ? how much here is leaf vs. stem? GNU == "GNU’s Not Unix"

22. Recursion: not just numbers Relationships Self-similarity elsewhere... Natural phenomena Names / Acronyms What is an “ancestor” ? GNU all stem! An ancestor is a parent OR an ancestor of a parent… == GNU’s Not Unix

23. Try it! def power(b,p): """ returns b to the p power using recursion, not ** inputs: int b, int p output: a float """ power(5,2) == 25.0 def sajak(s): sajak('wheel of fortune') == 6 What seven-letter English word w maximizes sajak( w ) ? What about y ? You decide… """ returns the number of vowels in the input string, s """ Want more Pat? if : Base case test elif else: Base case test else: Remember: b p == b * b p-1

24. def power(b,p): """ inputs: base b and power p (an int) implements: b**p """ if p == 0: return else: return Recursion is power!

25. behind the curtain power(2,3)

26. def sajak(s): Base case? when there are no letters, there are ZERO vowels if it is NOT a vowel, the answer is Rec. step? Look at the initial character. if it IS a vowel, the answer is

27. def sajak(s): Base case? when there are no letters, there are ZERO vowels if it is NOT a vowel, the answer is just the number of vowels in the rest of s Rec. step? Look at the initial character. if it IS a vowel, the answer is 1 + the number of vowels in the rest of s

28. def sajak(s): if s == '': return 0 elif s[0]=='a' or s[0]=='e' or… Checking for a vowel: Try #1 Base Case

29. def sajak(s): if len(s) == 0: return 0 elif s[0] in 'aeiou': return 1 + sajak(s[1:]) else: return sajak(s[1:]) if it is NOT a vowel, the answer is just the number of vowels in the rest of s if it IS a vowel, the answer is 1 + the number of vowels in the rest of s Base Case Rec. Steps

30. sajak('eerier') behind the curtain

31. crazy recursion…

32. "List Comprehensions"

33. on top of recursion? Creating general functions that will be useful everywhere (or almost…) building blocks with which to compose…

34. sum, range def sum(L): """ input: a list of numbers, L output: L's sum """ if len(L) == 0: return 0.0 else: return L[0] + sum(L[1:]) Base Case if the input has no elements, its sum is zero Recursive Case if L does have an element, add that element's value to the sum of the REST of the list… This input to the recursive call must be "smaller" somehow…

35. sum, range def range(low,hi): """ input: two ints, low and hi output: int list from low up to hi """ if hi <= low: return [] else: return what's cookin' here? excluding hi

36. sum and range >>> sum(range(1,101)) Looks sort of scruffy for a 7-year old… ! and 100 more… http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/50686 1784

37. Recursion: Good News/Bad News Functions are fundamental def dblList(L): """ Doubles all the values in a list. input: L, a list of numbers """ if L == []: return L else: return [ L[0]*2 ] + dblList(L[1:]) But the recursion can be folded away… Is this the good news or the bad news? recursion == function-based control!

38. List Comprehensions >>> [ 2*x for x in [0,1,2,3,4,5] ] [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10] >>> [ y**2 for y in range(6) ] [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25] >>> [ c == 'A' for c in 'GTTACATT' ] [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0] What is going on here? output input The same as map !

39. List Comprehensions >>> [ 2*x for x in [0,1,2,3,4,5] ] [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10] >>> [ y**2 for y in range(6) ] [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Expression you want to happen to each element of a list output input name that takes on the value of each element in turn the list (or string) any name is OK! Is this really the best name Guido Van Rossum could think of? >>> [ c == 'A' for c in 'GTTACATT' ] [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0]

40. List Comprehensions >>> [ 2*x for x in [0,1,2,3,4,5] ] [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10] >>> [ y**2 for y in range(6) ] [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25] output input name that takes on the value of each element in turn the list (or string) any name is OK! Google's Maps One-hit wonders Lazy lists Expression you want to happen to each element of a list >>> [ c == 'A' for c in 'GTTACATT' ] [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0] A list comprehension by any other name would be as sweet…

41. List Comprehensions Use range and L.C.'s to create these data lists: [ 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 ] [ 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41 ] [ 1.0, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0.0 ] [] for output List comprehension in expressionvariable namelist I don't see how this list factors in here…?

42. Recursion vs. def len(L): if L == []: return 0 else: return 1 + len(L[:]) len(L) implemented via raw recursion A list comprehension by any other name would be as sweet… sajak(s) def sajak(s): if len(s) == 0: return 0 else: if s[0] not in 'aeiou': return sajak(s[1:]) else: return 1+sajak(s[1:]) # of vowels

43. List Comprehensions LC = [1 for x in L] return sum( LC ) len(L): A list comprehension by any other name would be as sweet… sajak(s): LC = [ for c in s] return sum( LC ) # of vowels Remember True == 1 and False == 0

44. Write each of these functions concisely using list comprehensions… def count(e,L): def lotto(Y,W): input: e, any element L, any list or string output: the # of times L contains e example: count('G', 'GTCGG') == 3 input: Y and W, two lists of lottery numbers (ints) output: the # of matches between Y & W example: lotto([5,7,42,44],[3,5,7,44]) == 3 Y are your numbers W are the winning numbers Remember True == 1 and False == 0 Extra! def ndivs(N): input: N, an int >= 2output: the number of positive divisors of N example: ndivs(12) == 6 (1,2,3,4,6,12) LC = [ for x in L ] return sum(LC) don't use e here! use e in here somehow… LC = return sum(LC)

45. Quiz def count(n,L): input: n, any element L, any list or string output: the # of times L contains n example: count('G', 'GTCGG') == 3 Remember True == 1 and False == 0 LC = [ for x in L ] return sum(LC) don't use e here! use e in here somehow…

46. Write def lotto(Y,W): input: Y and W, two lists of lottery numbers (ints) output: the # of matches between Y & W example: lotto([5,7,42,44],[3,5,7,44]) == 3 Y are your numbers W are the winning numbers

47. Extra! Write def divs(N): input: N, an int >= 2 output: the number of positive divisors of N example: divs(12) == 6 (1,2,3,4,6,12) How could you use this to compute all of the prime numbers up to P ? What if you want the divisors themselves?

48. "two-by-four landscape" Maya Lin, Computer Scientist…

49. One building block, carefully applied, over 50,000 times… Maya Lin, Computer Scientist…

50. A random aside… import random random.choice( L ) random.uniform(low,hi) random.choice( ['north', 'case', 'west'] ) random.uniform(41.9,42.1) chooses 1 element from the list L chooses a random float from low to hi for more explanation, try dir(random) or help(random) How likely is this to return 42 ? How would you get a random int from 0 to 9?

51. A random function… print the guesses ? return the number of guesses ? from random import * def guess( hidden ): """ guesses the user's hidden # """ compguess = choice( range(100) ) if compguess == hidden: # at last! print 'I got it!' else: guess( hidden ) This is a bit suspicious… slow down…

52. The final version from random import * import time def guess( hidden ): """ guesses the user's hidden # """ compguess = choice( range(100) ) # print 'I choose', compguess # time.sleep(0.05) if compguess == hidden: # at last! # print 'I got it!' return 1 else: return 1 + guess( hidden )

53. print: Making programs talk to you! Debugging had to be discovered. I can remember the exact instant when I realized that a large part of my life from then on was going to be spent in finding mistakes in my own programs. - Maurice Wilkes Programming: the art of debugging an empty file. - The Jargon File http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/jargon/

54. The first bug Grace Hopper “In the days they used oxen for heavy pulling, when one ox couldn't budge a log, they didn't try to grow a larger ox. We shouldn't be trying for bigger and better computers, but for better systems of computers.” from the UNIVAC 1

55. The two Monte Carlos Monte Carlo casino, Monaco Making random numbers work for you! Monte Carlo methods, Math/CS

56. Monte Carlo in action def countDoubles( N ): """ inputs a # of dice rolls outputs the # of doubles """ if N == 0: return 0 # zero rolls, zero doubles… else: d1 = choice( [1,2,3,4,5,6] ) d2 = choice( range(1,7) ) if d1 != d2: return countDoubles( N-1 ) # NOT doubles else: return # doubles! one roll where is the doubles check? the input N is the total number of rolls what should the last line be? How many doubles will you get in N rolls of 2 dice?

57. Monty Hall Let’s make a deal ’63-’86 Sept. 1990 inspiring the “Monty Hall paradox”

58. Monty Hall Getting the user's input: answer = raw_input( 'What is your name?' ) door = input( 'Which door do you choose?' ) response = raw_input( 'Switch or stay?' ) Making decisions if response == 'switch': print 'So you switch to door', other_door But how to get the "other door" ?

59. Monte Carlo Monty Hall Suppose you always switch to the other door... What are the chances that you will win the car ? Run it (randomly) 1000 times and see!

60. Monte Carlo Monty Hall def MCMH( init, sors, N ): """ plays the same "Let's make a deal" game, N times returns the number of times you win the car """ if N == 0: return 0 # don't play, can't win carDoor = choice([1,2,3]) # where is the car? if init == carDoor and sors == 'stay': result = 'Car!' elif init == carDoor and sors == 'switch': result = 'Spam.' elif init != carDoor and sors == 'switch': result = 'Car!' else: result = 'Spam.' print 'You get the', result if result == 'Car!': return 1 + MCMH( init, sors, N-1 ) else: return 0 + MCMH( init, sors, N-1 ) Your initial choice! 'switch' or 'stay' number of times to play

61. Monty Hall Let’s make a deal ’63-’86 Sept. 1990 inspiring the “Monty Hall paradox”

62. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) Base Case Recursive Step Thinking recursively ! Human: Base case and 1 stepComputer: Everything else

63. Behind the curtain… def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(1) Result: 1 The base case is No Problem!

64. Behind the curtain… def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5)

65. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5) 5 * fac(4) Behind the curtain…

66. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5) 5 * fac(4) 4 * fac(3) Behind the curtain…

67. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5) 5 * fac(4) 4 * fac(3) 3 * fac(2) Behind the curtain…

68. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5) 5 * fac(4) 4 * fac(3) 3 * fac(2) 2 * fac(1) Behind the curtain…

69. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5) 5 * fac(4) 4 * fac(3) 3 * fac(2) 2 * fac(1) 1 "The Stack" Remembers all of the individual calls to fac Behind the curtain…

70. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5) 5 * fac(4) 4 * fac(3) 3 * fac(2) 2 * 1 Behind the curtain…

71. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5) 5 * fac(4) 4 * fac(3) 3 * 2 Behind the curtain…

72. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5) 5 * fac(4) 4 * 6 Behind the curtain…

73. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5) 5 * 24 Behind the curtain…

74. def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return N * fac(N-1) fac(5) Result: 120 0 N*** -> X 1 0 x*** -> N 0 Look familiar? Base Case Recursive Step Behind the curtain…

75. One Step But you do need to do one small step… def fac(N): if N <= 1: return 1 else: return fac(N) You handle the base case – the easiest possible case to think of! This will not work

76. Breaking Up… is easy to do with Python. s = "this has 2 t's" How do we get at the initial character of s? L = [ 21, 5, 16, L ] How do we get at the initial element of L? How do we get at ALL THE REST of s? How do we get at ALL the REST of L?

77. Recursion Examples def mylen(s): """ input: any string, s output: the number of characters in s """

78. Recursion Examples def mylen(s): """ input: any string, s output: the number of characters in s """ if s == '': return else: return

79. Recursion Examples def mylen(s): """ input: any string, s output: the number of characters in s """ if s == '': return 0 else: return 1 + mylen( s[1:] ) Will this work for lists?

80. mylen('cs5') Behind the curtain…

81. Recursion Examples def mymax(L): """ input: a NONEMPTY list, L output: L's maximum element """

82. Recursion Examples def mymax(L): """ input: a NONEMPTY list, L output: L's maximum element """ if len(L) == 1: return else:

83. Recursion Examples def mymax(L): """ input: a NONEMPTY list, L output: L's maximum element """ if len(L) == 1: return L[0] else: if L[0] < L[1]: return mymax( L[1:] ) else: return mymax( L[0:1] + L[2:] )

84. mymax( [1,7,3,42,5] ) Behind the curtain…

85. Good luck with the next two Hwk problems! The key to understanding recursion is to first understand recursion… - advice from one of last year's students