1. How might these 2 things be related?
4.1 KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.
How might these 2 things be related?

2. Chemical energy in bonds of food ATP transfers the energy
The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy in bonds of food
ATP transfers the energy
Money analogy…
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule

3. ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.
Phosphate group = released energy
Changes ATP to Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.
Energy is put back in the bond of the third phosphate; requires lots of proteins
phosphate removed

4. Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.
Carbohydrates most common
Not stored in large amounts
up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule
triphosphate
adenosine
diphosphate
tri=3
di=2

5. Fats store the most energy.
80 percent of the energy in your body
about 146 ATP from a triglyceride
Proteins last source
amino acids needed for proteins
about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

7. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.
Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. Examples?
In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.
similar to photosynthesis
uses chemical energy instead of light energy

8. PHOTOSYNTHESIS KWL K-What do you know? W-What do you Want to know?
L-What did you Learn

9. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, found in chloroplast Two types:
4.2 Key Concept: The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, found in chloroplast
Two types:
Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
Absorb mostly red & blue light
chloroplast
leaf cell
leaf

10. Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts.
grana (made up of stacks called thylakoids)
Stroma
chloroplast
stroma
grana (thylakoids)

11. Light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight.
take place in thylakoids
water and sunlight are needed
chlorophyll absorbs energy
energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions
oxygen is released

12. Light-independent reactions make sugars.
take place in stroma
Also called the Calvin Cycle
needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere
use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions

13. The equation for the overall process is:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

14. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.
hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoid membrane
ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP

15. A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight.
carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle
Uses ATP to produce glucose from the carbon dioxide

16. Photosynthesis Summary
How are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions related?
Explain how the Calvin Cycle is a bridge between carbon in the atmosphere and carbon-based molecules in your food?
There is a light-independent part of photosynthesis so can plants live without sunlight? Why or Why not?

17. Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
Cellular respiration is aerobic
Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.
mitochondrion
animal cell

18. Glycolysis must take place first.
Anaerobic
in cytoplasm
splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules
produces two ATP
Where does the glucose come from?

19. Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.
The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain.
mitochondrial matrix
breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis
makes a small amount of ATP
releases carbon dioxide
transfers energy-carrying molecules
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Krebs Cycle

20. energy from glycolysis
The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP.
inner membrane of the mitochondria
energy transferred to electron transport chain
oxygen enters process
ATP produced
water released as a waste product
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Electron Transport

21. The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.

22. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue.
Fermentation is an anaerobic process.
occurs when oxygen is not available
does not produce ATP

23. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.
glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation
energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid
NADH is changed back into NAD+

24. Fermentation and its products are important in several ways.
Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation.
glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation
energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide
NADH is changed back into NAD+
NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

25. Fermentation is used in food production.
yogurt
cheese
bread