1. Chapter 10 — Insolation control of ice sheets Ruitang Soong

2. Outline What controls the size of ice sheet? Modeling the behavior of ice sheets North hemisphere ice sheet history

3. What controls the size of ice sheet? Elevation & Latitude Temperate Insolation Orbit of Solar-Earth Figure 10-1

4. Orbital-scale control of ice sheet: The Milankovitch theory Key point Summer insolation control of ice sheets Previous study J.A. Adhemar (1842) James Croll (1864, 1875) Milutin Milankovitch (1915~ 1940) combined precession, eccentricity, and tilt. Chose summer in the northern high latitudes as the important season; predicted warm periods at 125, 105, and 82 ka.

5. Diagram depicting variation in precession. Image by Robert Simmon, NASA GSFC. Taken from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Giants/Milankovitch/milankovitch.html. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Giants/Milankovitch/milankovitch.html

6. Figure 10-3 Figure 10-2

7. Modeling the behavior of ice sheets weak insolation in summer Ice growth, ice & bedrock depression strong insolation in summer Ice melting, ice slipping & calving, bedrock swelling Two feedback mechanism

8. Insolation Control of ice sheet size Climate point Equilibrium line Figure 10-5

9. Figure 10-6 Figure 10-7

10. Ice sheet lags behind summer insolation forcing Ice volume response to lnsolation where l is ice volume d(I)/d(t) is the rate of change of ice volume per unit of time (t) T is the response time of the ice sheet S is the curve of changing summer insolation Figure 10-8

11. Figure 10-9

12. Delayed bedrock response beneath ice sheet Elastic response Viscous response Tack from: Richard E. Goodman, Introduction to Rock Mechanics, 2/e, 1989,Wiley Figure 10-10

13. Figure 10-11 Bedrock feedback to ice growth and melting Insolation control of ice sheet size the initial lag of ice volume behind insolation the subsequent lag of bedrock depression and rebound behind ice loading and unloading

14. Full cycle of ice growth and decay Figure 10-12

15. Ice slipping and calving Basal slipping (terrain, stress) Calving Ice sheet models can be coupled to 3D GCM models.

16. North hemisphere ice sheet history

17. Conceptual Model: Evolution of ice sheet cycles Changes in summer insolation (shorter-term change) Gradual global cooling (longer-term change) Note: cycle of tilt is 41,000 year cycle of precession is 23,000 year cycle of eccentricity is 100,000 and 413,000 year Figure 10-13

18. Figure 10-14

19. Evidence from δ 18 O: How ice sheets actually evolved Ocean sediments contain two key indicator of past glaciations Ice-rafted debris δ 18 O N. Shackleton Figure 10-15

20. Figure 10-16 Figure 10-17

21. Confirming ice volume change: Coral reefs and sea level δ 18 O (ice volume) Radiocarbon ( 234 U→ 230 Th) Ice-rafted debris Coral reefs (sea level)

22. Box 10-3

23. Using astronomical and δ 18 O signals as a chronometer Orbital tuning Figure 10-21