1. Boot Sequence, Internal Component & Cisco 3 Layer Model 1

2. Router Power-On Boot Sequence 1.Perform power-on self-test (POST):- When the router is powered up, microcode stored in ROM performs a POST sequence. This is used to ensure that elements such as the CPU, memory, and interfaces are capable of functioning correctly. 2.Load and run bootstrap code :- The bootstrap program is used to initialize the CPU and boot functions of the router. The bootstrap program is responsible for locating and loading the router's IOS. 3.Find the Cisco IOS Software. 4.Load the Cisco IOS Software. 5.Find the configuration. 6.Load the configuration. 7.Run the configured Cisco IOS Software.

3. Router Internal Components

4. RAM - Temporary storage for router config files - RAM content is lost on power down RAM Stores - Routing tables - ARP cache - Fast switching cache - Packet buffering - Packet hold queues 4 NVRAM - Non-volatile RAM - Stores backup/startup configuration files - Content is not lost when router is powered down or restarted.

5. Flash :- - EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) - Holds the Cisco IOS - Allows updating of software without replacing the Flash chip - Store Multiple versions of IOS - Retained on power down 5 ROM - Contains POST (Power On Self Test) - A bootstrap program (loads the Cisco IOS)

6. ROM Functions Contains microcode for basic functions

7. Network Structure Defined by Hierarchy Distribution Layer Core Layer Access Layer

8. The Hierarchy of Connectivity

9. Access Layer Characteristics End station entry point to the network Access Layer

10. Distribution Layer Characteristics Access Layer Aggregation Point Routes traffic Broadcast/Multicast Domains Media Translation Security Possible point for remote access Distribution Layer

11. Core Layer Characteristics Fast transport to enterprise services No packet manipulation Core Layer