1. Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO) A NERC SOLAS (UK) funded project P.I. Ellie Highwood: University of Reading CO-Is: Hugh Coe, Paul Williams, David Vaughan and Jon Lloyd (University of Manchester) Roy Harrison (University of Birmingha Subcontractors: Ally Lewis (York) gas chem Paola Formenti (LISA-Paris) filters Collaborators (self funding): Jim McQuaid (Leeds) Gas phase and aerosol chem Jim Haywood (Met Office) DABEX PI Affiliated to AMMA SOLAS = Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere System

2. DODO Aims Case study based predictions of dust deposition to the NH Atlantic Ocean, constrained by in situ aircraft measurements Describe interaction of transport processes and aerosol chemistry and microphysics Fingerprint dust sources using single particle characterisation → composition, including iron content Assess the climatological representivity of the case studies and predict the seasonal footprint of dust deposition to the north Atlantic ocean. Assess the radiative impact of the dust over the Atlantic ocean and its effect on sea surface temperatures.

3. DODO Methodology In-situ aircraft measurements of dust microphysics and radiative effect, collection of airborne samples BAe-146 Feb 06, Aug 06 DABEX (SOP-0) (Met Office experiment) AMMA (SOP-2/3) NERC/EU NAMMA Ground based aerosol sampling UoB Laboratory Analysis Iron content Dust outbreak climatology using remote sensing and modelling (Met Office) Co-incident ship based observations (Feb 06, POSEIDON) Link to SOLAS observatory for prolonged aerosol measurements?

4. The story so far…. DODO1 (February 06) Operated over sea but close to the coast both north and south of Dakar and over land to north east. Several good north south transits across biomass/dust gradients 2 “dust” flights (in-situ sampling) 3 biomass or biomass/dust flights 1 model non-validation flight 2 flights with some radiation work

5. Flight NoDateLengthObjectives B16907 Feb2,56 Shake- down /biomass B17011 Feb4,59 In-situ biomass B171/B17213 Feb4,18/1,4 0 Major dust storm B17314 Feb4,46 In situ, local dust source B17415 Feb4,48 In situ, dust advected over ocean B17516 Feb5,24 In situ and radiation over land, moderate dust loading

6. Desert is not always “dunes” Photo of red dunes in northern Mauritania taken from BAe146 research aircraft. A layer of biomass smoke hangs over the desert

7. We found some good local sources of dust storms Nuackchott in Mauritania B173 (14 Feb 06)

8. Issues / features/ problems / challenges Coarse particle sizing.. No SID data yet for B173-175 Weren’t able to get our multi-stage impactor for larger sizes on the aircraft in time due to inlet design problems – may be there for DODO2…. No dust outflow over the ocean and in particularly nothing towards Capo Verde, therefore no work with the ship POSEIDON (although they did collect aerosol during DABEX) Almost complete cloudy conditions meant very little radiation work at all, and also meant we abandoned trying to hit satellite overpasses to some extent.

9. DODO2 (August 2006) Dakar based during 21-28 August 2006 (science transit from Niamey to Dakar on 21 st following BAe146 AMMA detachment) Instrumentation: basic aerosol microphysics (PCASP, filters, nephelometers, PSAP, core chemistry, limited dropsondes), Aerosol Mass spectrometer, SWS 10-20 flying hours (depending on some unresolved financial issues – Dakar is expensive!) i.e. 3-4 4.5 hour flights

10. DODO2 aims Compare dust vertical profiles, extent and microphysics to DODO1 (albeit limited) results – seasonal differences for model use. Try to get further off the coast (double flight, refueling at Sal intended). Other flying depending on dust conditions

11. Opportunities for NAMMA collaboration Downstream dust microphysics changes (or lack of) by DC-8 from Sal and further afield by P-3 as we’ll probably be closest to source. Intercomparison flight with DC-8 in vicinity of Sal (depends on differing objectives and whether enough common kit on board to compare) Model prediction intercomparisons (including trajectory models)

12. Issues for discussion Comparing kit and objectives Trajectory modelling (and dust forecast modelling) Communication in the field Radiosondes and dropsondes

13. FAAM At Niamey airport, Niger Dust collected on a filter in the aircraft for microscopic analysis Instrument pre-flight cleaningInside the plane FAAM aircraft

14. Case studies 1.Dust radiative closure over land B175 2.In-situ changes dust source to advection B173/B174 3.Dust/biomass + radiation (and links to biomass/dust flights in DABEX) B174 4.Advected biomass consistency (B169, B170, B174 and links to DABEX) 5.Dust model non-validation B171/B174

15. A taster….. Vertical profiles B174 Multiple biomass layers, mean SSA=0.84 Dust B175 Dust, SSA=0.997

16. A taster…. sizes B170 Biomass B175 Dust