1. Ancient India

2. Ancient India Geography silt  Like ancient Egypt, India’s early civilization developed along a river which flooded and left fertile silt. Indus River Valley. (Indus & Ganges River)  Ancient Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley. (Indus & Ganges River)

3. Geography India is a subcontinent because it is separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas, the highest mountains in the world.

4.  Monsoon season  Winter/Summer

5. The first settlements ca. 3000 B.C.E., when farmers settled along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan. Indus Valley Civilization:

6. By 2500 B.C.E. Two cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

7. Harappa-Mohenjo Daro 35,000 people!!

9. Traded with Iran & regions to the east. Harappa:

10. Mohenjo-Daro Traded with the Persia & Sumer to the west.

11. Political Structure: Cities ONLY Share language & culture.

12. Trading Seals Writing developed from earlier trading stamp, which had the merchants name and symbols of trade items.

13. Terra Cotta Trade Seals.

14. First matrilineal society (female led society.)

15. Religious beliefs: Great Bath Tanks were used for the purification of the body & soul.

16. Priest meditated in yogi style to become connected with the gods.

17.  The people who lived in these marvelous cities disappeared around 1500 BCE. Perhaps they ran out of wood to hold back flooding, or perhaps their soil gave out and no longer would grow crops. No one knows what happened these people, or where they went.

18. Aryan invaders: Around 1500 B.C.E., the Indus culture were conquered by the Aryans.

19. Aryan Migration 2000-500 B.C. After the Harappan civilization collapsed, another group of people called the Aryans began settling in the region. They became a new civilization. ARYAN INVASION The Aryans were nomads that came from central Asia and began moving into the Indus River valley around 1500 B.C.

20.  The Aryans—hunters and raised cattle (eventually became sacred)   warriors with metal tipped spears and wooden chariots w/horses. (invented iron plows and canals)

21.  Written language = SANSKRIT

22. Aryan tribes were led by a raja, or prince.

23.  There were four classes called varnas in India’s social system with one group of people that did not belong to any varna. They were called the Untouchables. CASTE SYSTEM

24.  Men’s lives were considered more important than women’s lives.  In most cases, only men could inherit property. Only men were allowed to go to school or become priests.  Parents arranged marriages, and divorce was not allowed.  guru = teacher

25. A new marriage tradition. The red dot on an Indian woman’s forehead goes back to the Aryan tradition of having a groom apply a spot of his blood on his bride’s forehead, as a sign of marriage.

26. Reasons for the caste system: - Upper class control economy. -It was created as an alternative to open slavery.

27. Under the caste system in India, what aspects of life are affected by a person’s caste? A person’s caste affects what job they will have, who they can marry, and who they can socialize with. India’s First Civilizations

28. Describe the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were planned cities with wide main streets and a wall around each neighborhood. Each mud brick house had a flat roof and was laid out around a courtyard. Each city had public wells, a sewage system, and garbage disposal. India’s First Civilizations

29. Why are monsoons important to Indian farmers? They cause soil-enriching floods. India’s First Civilizations

30. Cause and Effect What caused the collapse of Harappan civilization? earthquakes, floods, the Indus River changing its course, and the Aryan invasions India’s First Civilizations

31. Explain How did the Aryans control the people they conquered? Possible answers: strong military, effects of caste system India’s First Civilizations