1. Muslim Civilizations Chapter 10 622-1629 Page 302

2. Section 1 The Rise of Islam A. Bedouins were first Arab tribe to settle into cities Muhammad was born around 570 AD Mecca- was a market town – Many made pilgrimages to Mecca to visit Kaaba- ancient temple with statues of pagan gods

3. Poor illiterate merchant- went into desert to meditate Heard God calling him to be messenger of God Was cast out of Mecca and went to Yathrib, later called Medina Journey known as a Hijra There gained many followers Led Medinans against Meccans, won, and destroyed idols at Kaaba, and rededicated it to Allah

4. B. Teaching Islam Holy book- Quran Priests not required to mediate Place of worship called Mosques 5 pillars of Islam – 1. Declaration of faith – 2. Pray 5 times a day toward Mecca – 3. charity – 4. Fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan – 5. Hajj- holy pilgrimage to Mecca if able

5. Also Jihad- there are different definitions – 1. – 2. People of the book- Jews and Christians believe in same God, but not his third revelation according to Muslims

6. C. Way of life Sharia- body of law that interprets way Muslims suppose to live Religion and criminal law not separated – Break religious code, break the law Women also put in an inferior role to men, but equal in God’s eyes Suppose to dress modestly?? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzMl57 M54KE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzMl57 M54KE

7. Section 2 Building a Muslim Empire A. Early challenges to Islam – Muhammad did not name a successor – Who would be the next caliph- – Abu Bakr- Muhammad’s father in law becomes caliph – Consolidated his power and under next four Caliphs, Islam spread to rest of Arab tribes

8. Shiite Muslims believed Caliph had to be a descendent of Muhammad Sunni’s were the compromise group believed Caliph should be pious male from Muhammad’s tribe Majority of Muslims are Sunnis Sufis- like nuns and monks, Muslim mystics who travel spreading the faith

9. C. Umayyad Caliphs build Empire Ruled from capital in Damascus Spread the empire from North Africa to Spain to Indus valley in India Treated conquered people well – Could keep religion, just paid tax – Restrictions were put on non-Muslims Umayyad became very wealthy Many thought they were moving away from true Islam

10. D. Rise of the Abbasids Abu al-Abbas, descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, defeats and kills all but one of Umayyad family- 750 Moves capital to Baghdad Allowed non-Muslims to hold important official jobs Baghdad becomes more powerful and beautiful then Constantinople Domes and Minarets-

11. E. Surviving Umayyad Flee to Spain Set up new independent Muslim State Brilliant courts and centers of learning More tolerant

12. F. Muslim Decline 900’s, Seljuk Turks migrated from central Asia Although they converted to Islam, they took over Abbasid empire Put their own Sultans in charge Stopped Christian Pilgrims from reaching holy land- caused Crusades 1216 and 1258- Mongols invade area and sack Baghdad

13. Section 3 Muslim Civilization A. Diverse Culture – Muslim culture included Arab, Persian, Egyptian, African, European, Mongol, Turk, and Indians – Central location, built a very profitable trading network connecting Asia with Africa and Europe – Camels- boats of the desert – Spread of idea and goods

14. Manufactured goods high sought after – Persian rugs, cotton from Egypt, leather, furniture, glassware, and tapestries Abbasids organized massive irrigation projects to make middle east more arable – Drained swamps, built dams, reservoirs Social Mobility in Muslims society- could move up in social rank Slavery existed, but discouraged and not near as brutal as American slavery

15. B. Art, Lit, and Architecture Poetry- elaborate versus of chivalry, battles, and glory – Firdawsi- Book of Kings – Omar Khayyam- The Rubaiyat Writings – The Thousand and One Nights- tales Aladdin Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves – Calligraphy- the art of handwriting

16. Art – Domes decorated with geometric figures

17. C. Knowledge Centers of learning created in Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu – Must be educated to study Quran Ibn Rushd- Put knowledge to test of reason Ibn Khaldun- scientific study of history- actually study historic events to understand why things happened the way they did

18. Mathematics – Al-Khwarizmi- study of algerbra Medicine – Compiled known knowledge of medicine – Required doctors to pass tests Muhammad al Razi- chief physician in Baghdad hospital Ibn Sina- Canon on Medicine- huge book on medicine Cataract cure Treat body and mind

19. Section 4 India’s Muslim Empires A. The Delhi Sultanate – Gupta empire falls, India is fragmented into many kingdoms – Hindu and Buddhist major religions – Sultan Ghur defeats Hindu armies and made Delhi his capital – Lasted 1206-1526 – Muslim horse warriors faster and more mobile than war elephants

20. B. Changes Sultans brought changes to Indian gov’t – Increase trade – Migration – Center of learning Then in 1398- Mongol Tamerlane smashed into Northern India and sacked Delhi

21. C. Muslims and Hindus clash Muslim conquest led to destruction of Buddhists and Hindu temples Many differences in religion Muslim – One god, much newer, no caste system Hindu – Many gods, ancient religion, caste system Eventually- Hindu’s were allowed to practice faith by paying a tax

22. Rajahs- Many Indians would convert to Muslim – No caste system – Social mobility Nanak- a holy man, created new religion called Sikhism- blended both religions

23. D. Mughal India 1526- Babur rides into India- Turkish/Mongol Swept away Delhi Sultanate dynasty- Akbar- Babur’s son, would extend the dynasty much deeper into India Treated different religions much more fairly

24. E. Akbar’s successors Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan- Akbar’s grandson- do honor his deceased wife

25. Section 5 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires A. Ottoman Empire – One of two empires to dominate the middle east – Turkish speaking people migrating from Central Asia – Mehmet II finally Turk to capture Constantinople after carrying boats across land – Used Cannon to destroy the walls – Renamed City Istanbul

26. B. Suleiman the Magnificent Golden age under this leader Extended empire Even threatened Europe

27. C. Ottoman Culture Men of sword- Men of Pen- Men of negotiation Other cultures and religions organized into Millets Janizaries- elite fighting force Other religions paid taxes and turn over sons to be converted and trained in Military

28. After Suleiman’s death in 1566, empire would decline but would not disappear until after WWI Suleiman killed his two most able sons

29. D. Safavid Empire 1500’s, united parts of old Persian empire, present day Iran Abbas the Great- expanded empire- called the Shah Between Ottomans and Mughal empire in India Was a Shiite Muslim and tolerated other religions Built capital at Isfahan

30. After Abbas death, empire declined Pressure from Ottoman, and internal Sunni rebellion in Afghanistan caused empire to collapse Qajars would take over Iran and move capital to Tehran Still disputes between Shiites and Sunnis today because of this empire