2. AP Biology 2008-2009 Cells & Cell Organelles How are eukaryotes and prokaryotes similar and different?

3. Regents Biology Why study cells?  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies  bodies are made up of cells  cells do all the work of life!

4. Regents Biology Types of Cells  There are 2 Types of cells  ProkaryotesEukaryotes

5. Regents Biology Eukaryotic cells are cells that have their DNA contained in a nucleus. Examples: plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

6. Regents Biology Prokaryotic cells: Cells that do not contain a nucleus. Examples: Bacteria All Bacteria are Prokaryotes All Prokaryotes are Bacteria

7. Regents Biology Cell size comparison Bacterial cell Animal cell  micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter  diameter of human hair = ~20 microns most bacteria  1-10 microns eukaryotic cells  10-100 microns

8. Regents Biology Bacteria cells Types of Prokaryotic Cells  Very Simple Cells  Cell parts include: Cell membrane, Cell wall, Cytoskeleton, Cytoplasm, and Ribosomes

9. Regents Biology Types of Eukaryotic Cells  Very Complex cells  Cell parts include: Everything a prokaryotic cell had plus lots more. animal cells plant cells

10. Regents Biology Organelles  Do the work of cells  each structure has a job to do  keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive Model Animal Cell

11. Regents Biology Cell membrane  Found in ALL Cells  Function  controls what enters or leaves cell  O 2,CO 2, food, H 2 O, nutrients, waste  recognizes signals from other cells  Structure  phospholipid bilayer  double layer of fat  receptor molecules  proteins lipid “tail” phosphate “head”

12. Regents Biology Phospholipids  Phosphate heads: Hydrophilic (love water)  Lipid tails: Hydrophobic (fear water) lipid “tail” phosphate “head” Water Outside the cell Water Inside the cell

13. Regents Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals

14. Regents Biology Cytoplasm & Cytoskeleton  Cytoplasm: Jelly like liquid in cells.  Found in all cells  Holds Organelles in place  Cytoskeleton: Network of protein fibers throughout the cell.  Found in all cells  Gives the cell shape  Act as “highways” for transport inside the cell.

15. Regents Biology Cytoskeletons Picture

16. Regents Biology cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place cytoskeleton  protein fibers that give cells shape

17. Regents Biology Cell Wall  Cell Wall: Provides protection and support for the cell.  Can be made of Carbohydrates, Proteins, or Both  Outside of the cell membrane  Found in Plant & Bacteria Cells

18. Regents Biology Ribosomes  Found in ALL Cells  Thousands of them in each cell  Function  protein factories  read instructions to build proteins from DNA  Structure  Made of a type of RNA  Very small

19. Regents Biology Ribosomes

20. AP Biology Cellular Energy

21. Regents Biology  Function  make ATP energy from glucose  fuels the work of life  Structure  double membrane  Contains its own DNA Mitochondrion (Mitochondria) in both animal & plant cells ATP

22. Regents Biology Chloroplast(s)  Found in Plant cells  Function  photosynthesis  generate ATP & synthesize sugars  transform solar energy into chemical energy  Structure  Double membrane  Contains its own DNA

23. Regents Biology  Mitochondria  make energy from sugar + O 2  cellular respiration  sugar + O 2  ATP  Chloroplasts  Have their own DNA  photosynthesis  make energy + sugar from sunlight  sunlight + CO 2  ATP & sugar  ATP = active energy  sugar = stored energy Plants make energy two ways! ATP sugar ATP

24. Regents Biology Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria chloroplast

25. AP Biology Cellular Transport

26. Regents Biology Vacuoles & vesicles  Function  Vacuole: Storage  Vesicle: moving material around cell  Structure  membrane sac small food particle vacuole digesting food inside cell vesicle

27. Regents Biology Food & water storage plant cells contractile vacuole animal cells central vacuole food vacuoles

28. Regents Biology Lysosome(s) small food particle vacuole digesting food lysosomes  Function  digest food  clean up & recycle  digest broken organelles  Structure  membrane sac of digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles

29. Regents Biology Proteins do all the work! cellsDNAproteins one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! signals structure enzymes receptors

30. Regents Biology Endoplasmic Reticulum  Function  part of protein factory  helps complete the proteins  makes membranes  Structure  rough ER  ribosomes attached  works on proteins  smooth ER  makes membranes

31. Regents Biology transport vesicles vesicles carrying proteins  Function  finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins  like UPS headquarters  shipping & receiving department  ships proteins in vesicles  “UPS trucks”  Structure  membrane sacs Golgi Apparatus

32. AP Biology Cell Cycle

33. Regents Biology Nucleus  Found in all Eukaryotic Cells  Function  control center of cell  protects DNA  instructions for building proteins  Structures  nucleolus  ribosome factory  Chromosomes made of DNA

34. Regents Biology Centrioles  Only found in Animal Cells  Function  help coordinate cell division  Structure  one pair in each animal cell  “motor” proteins

35. AP Biology 2008-2009 That’s my cellular story… Any Questions?