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Chapter 6: Types of Cells and Cell Structures
AP Biology Chapter 6: Types of Cells and Cell Structures
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Fig: 6.3
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LE 6-4 Scanning electron 1 µm microscopy (SEM) Cilia
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Longitudinal section of cilium Cross section of cilium 1 µm
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Differential centrifugation
LE 6-5a Homogenization Tissue cells Homogenate Differential centrifugation
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LE 6-5b 1000 g (1000 times the force of gravity) 10 min
Supernatant poured into next tube 20,000 g 20 min 80,000 g 60 min Pellet rich in nuclei and cellular debris 150,000 g 3 hr Pellet rich in mitochondria (and chloro- plasts if cells are from a plant) Pellet rich in “microsomes” (pieces of plasma membranes and cells’ internal membranes) Pellet rich in ribosomes
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Fig: 6.6
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Fig: 6.9 (plant)
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Fig: 6.9 (animal)
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Fig: 6.7
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LE 6-10 Nucleus Nucleus 1 µm Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope:
Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Pore complex Rough ER Surface of nuclear envelope Ribosome 1 µm 0.25 µm Close-up of nuclear envelope Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)
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Chromatin vs. Chromosomes appearance within the cell.
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Fig: 6.11
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Endomembrane System
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Fig: 6.13
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Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
LE 6-14a Nucleus 1 µm Lysosome Lysosome contains active hydrolytic enzymes Food vacuole fuses with lysosome Hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles Digestive enzymes Plasma membrane Lysosome Digestion Food vacuole Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
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two damaged organelles 1 µm
LE 6-14b Lysosome containing two damaged organelles 1 µm Mitochondrion fragment Peroxisome fragment Lysosome fuses with vesicle containing damaged organelle Hydrolytic enzymes digest organelle components Lysosome Digestion Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle
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Central Vacuole of a plant
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Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis
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Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Free ribosomes in the
LE 6-17 Mitochondrion Intermembrane space Outer membrane Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Mitochondrial DNA 100 nm
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Fig: 6.18
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Cytoskeleton
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Vesicle ATP Receptor for motor protein Motor protein Microtubule
(ATP powered) Microtubule of cytoskeleton
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Fig: 6.22
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Fig: 6.23
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LE 6-24 Outer microtubule doublet Plasma membrane 0.1 µm Dynein arms Central microtubule Cross-linking proteins inside outer doublets Microtubules Plasma membrane Radial spoke Basal body 0.5 µm 0.1 µm Triplet Cross section of basal body
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Effect of cross-linking proteins
LE 6-25b Cross-linking proteins inside outer doublets ATP Anchorage in cell Effect of cross-linking proteins Wavelike motion
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Fig: 6.27
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Fig: 49.30
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Muscle Tissue under the Microscope
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Fig: 6.28
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Proteoglycan complex EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Collagen fiber Fibronectin
LE 6-29a Proteoglycan complex EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Collagen fiber Fibronectin Plasma membrane CYTOPLASM Integrin Micro- filaments
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Proteoglycan complex Polysaccharide molecule Carbo- hydrates Core
LE 6-29b Proteoglycan complex Polysaccharide molecule Carbo- hydrates Core protein Proteoglycan molecule
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Fig: 6.31
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LE 6-30 Cell walls Interior of cell Interior of cell 0.5 µm
Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes
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Fig: 6.30
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Fig: 40.5
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