1. Sections tested Chapter 4.1, 4.2, 4.5, 4.6
Unit 1: Construct the evidence for the cycling of matter and the flow of energy
Sections tested
Chapter 4.1, 4.2, 4.5, 4.6

2. 4.1 KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

3. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.
Molecules in food store chemical energy (ATP) in their bonds.
Carbohydrates is also know as glucose. You must be able to draw a Glucose Molecule
Glucose molecule

4. ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cells so they can function.
Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
Be able to label diagram: where phosphate is removed and where it enters
phosphate removed

5. Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.
Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.
up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule
You must know difference between ADP and ATP
triphosphate
adenosine
diphosphate
tri=3
di=2

6. Fats store the most energy.
80 percent of the energy in your body
about 146 ATP from a fat (lipid)
Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
Proteins also form 36 ATP per molecule
You must be able to fill out this diagram below

7. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.
Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight.
In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.
YOU MUST be able to define what chemosynthesis is.

8. Review of section 4.1 A question like this WILL be on UNIT 1 test
This is based on a 2015 AP Biology question
A item of food has 6 carbohydrates, 8 proteins, and 3 lipids. How many calories does the item have? How many ATPs will this item form?

9. Unit 1: Construct the evidence for the cycling of matter and the flow of energy
Sections tested Chapter 4.1, 4.2, 4.5, 4.6

10. KEY CONCEPT The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

11. Photosynthetic organisms are producers
Photosynthetic organisms are producers. Producers produce food from light
Know these three things about PRODUCERS
Producers make their own source of chemical energy.
Plants use photosynthesis and are producers.
Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

12. Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.
KNOW how Photosynthesis happens
chloroplast
leaf cell
leaf
Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.
In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

13. The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight.
KNOW THIS!
The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight.
Reaction in order
chlorophyll absorbs light energy
oxygen is released
carbon dioxide is taken in from atmosphere
Sugar is produced

14. The equation for the overall process is:
Know this equation!
The equation for the overall process is:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6
granum (stack of thylakoids)
thylakoid
sunlight
1 six-carbon sugar
6H2O
6CO2
6O2
chloroplast 1 2 4 3
energy
stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

15. KNOW WHY WE HAVE THE 6 in front
Class activity
KNOW what each part is
CO2  Carbon Dioxide
H2O  Water or dihydrogen monoxide
C6H12O6  Sugar, glucose, carbohydrate
O2  Oxygen

16. KEY CONCEPT Cellular respiration is an aerobic process which convert glucose to energy in animals

17. Equation for cellular respiration
KNOW cellular respiration equation
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
KNOW how to write equation in words
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
This is how we get energy to do anything everything!

18. Step 1: Glycolysis – Breakdown of glucose
Energy (ATP) is needed to break down glucose
*This will eventually lead to more ATP being made
Two ATP molecules are used to split glucose
Four ATP molecules are produced
NADH produced
2 Pyruvates produced (3 carbon molecules)

19. Step 2: Krebs cycle
The 2 three carbon pyruvates are broken down to produce more NADH and FADH2

20. Step 3: electron transport chain
The Hydrogen's on the NADH and FADH2 carry energy into the cell via gradient
Water released as waste
It is the cell in our body that needs energy!

21. So we said glucose creates 35 ATP/molecule?
The breakdown of one glucose molecule produces 38 molecules of ATP.
Why did we sat 1 glucose molecule makes 36 total ATP?

22. Unit 1 Section 4. Last notes for over a week
Unit 1 Section 4! Last notes for over a week! Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without aerobically (without oxygen)

23. This is also how alcohol is made
Fermentation is an anaerobic process.
occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration
Produces 2 ATP (compared to 38 when oxygen is avaliable)

24. In fermentation in the body, pyruvates are converted to lactic acid
Lactic acid slows your muscles! It causes cramps, tightness
It is your body's way of telling you that you aren’t getting enough oxygen! Which is good since you are producing less ATP (you have less energy)