1. Vascular Plants 1. Internal conducting tissue (xylem & phloem) 2. True leaves 3. Roots for absorption, as well as anchorage 4. Gametophyte reduced, sporophyte dominant 5. Primitive vascular has no seeds, spores instead

2. Major Divisions Psilotophyta – whisk ferns Lycophyta – club moss, quillworts, ground pines, spike pines, Sphenophyta – horsetails Pterophyta – ferns

3. Psilotophyta Whisk ferns – Simplest vascular plant, no leaves or roots. Fossil records from 400 mya –Structure Forking stem, arise from rhizomes Enations – tiny green leaf-like tissue without veins, spirally arranged Photosynthetic stem, core of xylem & phloem

4. Psilotophyta Reproduction – –Sporangia releases spore, sporophyte generation visible –Gametophyte generation minute, not visible

5. Psilotophyta Habitat – –Tropical & subtropical, southeastern U.S.

6. Lycophyta (Club mosses, Quillworts, Ground Pine, Spike Pines) True stems & leaves Microphylls = small leaves Structure –Ground pine resembles little Christmas trees –Leaves are whorled –Stems arise from rhizomes, as well as adventitious roots –Cone-like reproductive structure

7. Lycophyta Reproduction –Sporophyll – sporangium bearing leaves produce spores by meiosis –Strobili – cone like structure contains spores from meiosis

8. Lycophyta History & uses –Flashbulb powder –Powder can stop bleeding –Ornamental – floral design, Christmas decorations Habitat –Tropics and Coastal NW & NE North America

9. Sphenophyta a.k.a…. Snake Grass!!!

10. Sphenophyta (Horsetails, Scouring rushes) Silica deposits in epidermal cells of stem, used for scouring pots & pans Structure –4-15 feet tall –Whorled branches –Tiny scale-like leaves – microphylls whorled at nodes or joints –Photosynthetic stem with stomata and hollow, central core

11. Sphenophyta Reproduction – –Fragmentation – asexual –Strobili produce spores with elaters (prevent spores from sticking together and aid in spores dispersal) –Gametophyte reduced, sporophyte visible

12. Sphenophyta History & uses –Food for humans & animals – can be dried & ground into flour –Medicine – diuretic, antacid, TB, parasites, gonorrhea –Silica – scouring, polishing, sharpening

13. Pterophyta “The ferns” Structure – –Sizes from 1 cm floating species to tropical 85 ft ferns

14. Pterophyta “The ferns” Structure continued… –Fern leaves – “megaphyll” – dissected, multiple veins, very feathery Immature fronds called “fiddleheads”

15. Pterophyta “The ferns” Structure continued… –Stems arise from horizontal rhizomes –Adventitious roots also arise from rhizomes

16. Pterophyta “The ferns” Reproduction –Sorus – cluster of sporangia on underside of frond; sporophyte phase

17. Pterophyta “The ferns” Reproduction continued… –Prothalus (Irish valentine) – green heart shaped gametophyte –Small, 5-6 mm can be seen without microscope, but generally no bigger than.25 inches –One cell thick with rhizoids underneath surface –Antheridium & archegonium produced on upper surface –Spores develop from archegonium after fertilization, becomes the “fiddlehead”

18. Pterophyta “The ferns” History & uses – –House plants, outdoor ornamentals –Fern bark used in growing rare orchids –In tropics, used for clothing, shelter, baskets –Rhizome used as a vegetable –Medicine – coughs, colds, parasites, toothaches, bleeding

19. Alternation of Generations