1. Fungi

2. General Characteristics Primarily terrestrial Filamentous –__________ Coenocytic (aseptate) septate –mycelium –Haustoria – specialized parasitic hyphae Hyphae

3. Fungal Hyphae

4. General Characteristics (animal-like) Heterotrophic –absorption (saprobes) –parasitic –mutualistic Cell Wall:______ Store sugar as glycogen Chitin

5. Fungal Reproduction Asexual –haploid spores (conidia/sporangia) Sexual –hyphae (haploid) –Syngamy (diploid) – (like us) ____________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon) karyogamy (diploid) Plasmogamy

6. Fugal Reproduction

7. Fungal Classification

8. Division: Chytridiomycota Have _______ (rare in fungi) Coenocytic hyphae or unicellular Cell wall: chitin Saprobes or parasites May be most primitive fungi Flagella

9. Division: Zygomycota

10. Coenocytic Fungi Mostly terrestrial (live on decaying material) Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold) Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring (enzymes)

11. Fig. 31-13-4 Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) PLASMOGAMY Key Diploid nuclei Zygosporangium 100 µm KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Sporangium Spores Dispersal and germination ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Sporangia Mycelium 50 µm Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle!

12. Division: Zygomycota Microsporidia –Parasitic Loss of organelles –Cause disease in people with immune deficiency –Used as pest control

13. Division: Glomeromycota Arbuscular mycorrhizae –Coenocytic Fungi –________ - associated with plant roots –increases surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients Mutualistic

14. Division: Ascomycota

15. Divison: ________ Septate fungi (sac fungi) Saprobes, mutualistic Examples: Dutch Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce) Ascomycota

16. Fig. 31-17-4 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Conidiophore Mycelium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Germination Hypha PLASMOGAMY Haploid spores (conidia) Conidia; mating type (–) Mating type (+) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dikaryotic hyphae Ascus (dikaryotic) Mycelia KARYOGAMY Diploid nucleus (zygote) Germination Asci Dispersal Ascocarp Eight ascospores Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

17. Division: Basidiomycota

18. Septate Fungi (Club fungi) Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi Uses: Food

19. Division: Basidiomycota Fairy Rings

20. Basidium Fig. 31-19-4 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Key PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Haploid mycelia Dikaryotic mycelium Mating type (–) Basidia (n+n) Gills lined with basidia Basidiocarp (n+n) KARYOGAMY Diploid nuclei MEIOSIS Basidium containing four haploid nuclei Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidiospore 1 µm Haploid mycelia

21. Division: Deuteromycota _________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi Stachybotrys chartarum Imperfect Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist

22. __ Mutualistic - association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota Pioneer organisms Lichen_____

23. Ecological Impacts Decomposers Pathogens (30% of species…most plant pathogens). 10-50% world’s fruit lost due to Fungi Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD) Food Production – recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles Ergots – another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth

24. Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline 60% human diseases originate from animals 11/19/201524

25. Plant Diversity I

26. Highlights of Plant Evolution Gymnosperms

27. Alternation of Generation Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles. Multicellular

28. Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) Nonvascular Seedless plants –_____________ Mosses –Hepatophyta Liverworts –Anthocerophyta Hornworts Vascular Seedless plants –Lycophyta Club mosses –Psilophyta Whiskferns –Spenophyta Horsetails –_____________ Ferns Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos) Bryophyta Pterophyta We will treat all of these as “divisions”!

29. Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) –no true leaves, roots, stems __________/_________: –Gametophyte (antheridium and archegonium) –sporangium (produces spores) GametophyteSporophyte

30. Hepatophyta Liverworts –Two forms __________ (80%) __________ (20%) Leafy Thalloid

31. Hepatophyta Liverworts –Reproduction Asexual (_______________) sexual Gemma Cups

32. Anthocerophyta Hornworts –Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes –Most closely related to higher plants ____________ Sporophyte

33. Bryophyta Mosses

34. Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally Bryophyta Essay!

35. Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants Formation of vascular tissue –__________ (water) –__________ (food) –True leaves, roots, and stems Lignin (chemical in cell wall) Sporophyte generation dominate Sperm with flagella Xylem Phloem

36. Lycophyta Lycophytes –true leaves Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein. –true stems –true roots –____________ leaves that produce spores Sporophylls

37. Psilophyta Whisk Ferns –True stems –no true leaves –no true roots

38. Sphenophyta Horsetails –true leaves microphylls –true stems silica –true roots

39. Division: Pterophyta

41. Fern Life Cycle Essay!