1. Patterns and inter- relationships in communities Species diversity Composition of a community Inter-relationships of organisms Patterns in a communtiy

2. Communities and species diversity A community is all the populations in a defined habitat –Some habitats are long terms eg a forest and some temporary eg a rotting log Three characteristics of communities: 1.More different species mean a more stable community. Called species diversity 2.A few organisms will be in great numbers eg grass on the savannah. Just because you are rare doesn’t mean you aren’t important

3. 3There are always more producers than there are consumers.

4. Communities in the world The planet is divided into zones Based on the amount of sunlight per square metre More energy arrives on the earth in the tropics which is why they have richer communities There are tropical zones, tundra zones, grassland zones

6. Composition of community 1.Producers – can make own food photosynthesisers use energy from sunlight chemosynthesisers use energy from chemical reactions. Eg bacteria in sulphur springs, nitrification bacteria 2. Consumers herbivores carnivores predators, scavengers, insectivorous plants, parasites Decomposers

7. Inter-relationships of organisms There are two –Intra-specific relationships Within the same species –Either cooperative like courtship, protecting young, hunting in packs –Aggressive like fighting for mates and territory, pecking orders –Inter-specific relationships Between two different species –There are lots of these!!

8. Mutualism Both partners benefit EG –Clover and rhizobium bacteria –Wrasse and larger fish –Cows and bacteria –lichen

9. Clover and rhizobium

10. lichen

11. Wrasse

12. Commensualism One species gains while the other is not affected –Remora fish live on sharks. When the shark swims, the remora sticks itself to the shark. When the shark kills, the remora detaches, and eats the scraps. The remora then reattaches to the same shark or some other passing one…

14. Antibiosis One species is harmed and the other one is indifferent or unaffected –Penicillium is the best example. The fungus kills off bacteria. We use the chemical penicillin to kill bacteria too. –Blue-green algae produce a chemical to kill fish, and sometimes cattle. The algae aren’t affected by the chemicals

15. Penicillium mould

16. Exploitation One species benefits and the other is harmed –Herbivores eating plants –Carnivores eating other animals –Parasites live on their hosts

17. Nits, kooties, lice

18. Parasitoids These are parasites that have a free living stage – where they are not living on their hosts

19. Patterns in communities THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT TO KNOW!!

20. Succession This is the change in communities OVER TIME Occurs where there is nothing living –Happens after landslides, volcanic eruptions or floods Community passes through a series of stages till the land has a climax community, which is big trees replacing big trees – ie stability Climax community could be tussock – depends on the environment

21. Primary succession –Area had no previous life –No seeds, no bugs, no nothing –Volcanic eruptions, retreating glacier Secondary succession –Community cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact –Fire?, landslide?, weedspray? Small succession –In dead things, until the energy is gone

22. 1.First colonisers lichen. Rocks break down by frost action 2.Lichens die resulting in a build-up of humus. Other plants grow such as mosses then grasses and small ferns 3.Bracken increases the humus levels and roots start to break up small rocks. Small trees such as manuka grow, which provide a nursery for larger trees 4.Eventually large trees grow which are replaced by large trees when they die Primary succession

23. Secondary succession Seeds in the soil seed bank germinate –Usually annuals first –Gradually perennial plants that are large will out-compete smaller plants, and start to control the environment

25. Pond succession

26. Succession in front of glacier

27. Stratification Vertical layering, ie the change in communities over height Occurs in grass, forest, the oceans and soil Affects animals and plants

28. Stratification in a lake

29. Forest stratification

31. Soil stratification

32. Rock stratification

33. Zonation This is change in communities over horizontal space Obvious on forest edges, water edges and anywhere there is a change in abiotic factors on the horizontal plane Plants and animals have different adaptations to fit the changing environments