1. Critical Reading: Sentence Completion Step 3: Strategies

2. PSAT Critical Reading 2 Sections- 25 minutes each 48 total items 13 Critical Reading: Sentence Completion 35 Critical Reading: Passages Items

3. Purpose, Explanation, and Format of Sentence Completion Items Consists of a sentence, parts of which have been left out, and the given answer choices. You must choose the answer that competes the sentence. (Surgeon General example) Tests your ability to understand the overall meaning of the sentence. You should still be able to understand even with missing words. (Surgeon General example) Tests not only knowledge of vocabulary, but ability to understand what is read. All choices will be grammatically correct. More than one choice may make sense, but only ONE completely preserves the meaning of the sentence.

4. Item Types Sentence Completion items fall into one of three types: 1. Thought-Extenders- the missing word(s) in a Thought-Extender item continue themes that are found elsewhere in the sentence. 2. Thought-Reversers- the missing word(s) in a Thought- Reverser item are the opposite of ideas that are presented elsewhere in the sentence. 3. Combined Reasoning- Combined Reasoning items contain elements of both Thought-Extender and Thought- Reverser items.

5. Facts about Sentence Completions 1. Sentence Completions can be about almost any subject. No outside information is needed. Complete the sentence based on information provided. (page 457 #1) 2. Difficulty range should be noted so you know which items you may want to skip to save time AND so you can avoid answers that are deceptively straightforward. What makes Sentence Completions difficult? 1. Sentence Structure- complex sentences, YET they may contain clues! 2. Vocabulary- you need to understand the meanings of the words involved. (#2, #3)

6. Facts about Sentence Completions, cont. 3. Wrong choices are wrong for one of two reasons: 1. The resulting construction is not idiomatic. (characteristic of, or in keeping with, the way a language is ordinarily and naturally used by its native speakers) 2. The resulting construction fails to support the logic of the sentence. (#4, #5) *For Sentence Completions with two blanks, BOTH words must fit the meaning of the sentence. If you can eliminate one word or phrase, eliminate the entire choice. * Don’t worry about grammatical correctness. All choices yield a grammatically correct sentence.

7. Strategies 1. “Anticipate and Test” 2. “Simplify Your Life” 3. Thought-Extenders, Thought-Reversers, and Combined Reasoning 4. Be a Sentence Completions Detective- find the clues! 5. Hard Cases a. Go to pieces b. Difficult answers

8. Anticipate and Test 1. Read the sentence for understanding. 2. Anticipate a word or words that would complete the sentence. 3. Look at the answer choices for the closest match to the anticipated word(s). 4. Test the chosen answer choice. If that does not work, test the remaining options. (#6, #7)

9. Simplify Your Life The difficulty of these items is based on the number of details that are included, so eliminate unnecessary details to make the item easier. (#8, #9, #10)

10. Thought-Extenders, Thought-Reversers, and Combined Reasoning Common Logical Patterns: 1. Thought-Extenders- In this structure, the substitution must carry forward some thought in the sentence. (#11) Signals for Thought-Extenders: andsothereforesince becauseas a result

11. 2. Thought-Reversers- In this structure, the substitution must convey the sense of the reverse of some other thought in the sentence. (#12, #13, #14) Signals for Thought-Reversers: althoughthoughbutelsein spite of despitehowever 3. Combined Reasoning- These sentences contain a combination of both Thought-Extenders and Thought- Reversers. Don’t simply memorize words- recognize the logical structure of the sentence.

12. Be a Sentence Completions Detective The test writers have left you clues! Use them: 1. Coordinate conjunctions (and, but) #15, #16 2. Subordinate conjunctions (although, unless, if, for...) #17, #18, #19, #20 3. Key adjectives and adverbs- notice the descriptive detail. #21, #22 4. Punctuation- semicolon or colon indicates continuation of a thought. #23, #24

13. 5. Phrases- Aristotle was a ___________ thinker. a. Sensitive b. Dysfunctional c. Charismatic d. Systematic e. Courageous Not a good question... Why?

14. Aristotle was a _____________ philosopher, writing in great detail on every topic imaginable from art to zoology. a. Sensitive b. Dysfunctional c. Charismatic d. Systematic e. Courageous Notice the additional info (following a comma ) #25, #26 6. Various elements #27

15. Hard Cases 1. Complex logical structure- “Go to Pieces” Strategy Isolate a part of the sentence that you understand; this part must contain an omitted word. Then substitute the answer choices and eliminate those answer choices that do not create idiomatic constructions. This strategy is useful for those items that have two blanks. #28, #29, #30, #31 2. Difficulty- Difficult items have difficult answers. If forced to guess, do not choose an easy answer choice. Instead, choose the answer choice with the most difficult vocabulary words.#32, #33

16. Homework Practice Quiz I- 10 minutes. Pages 470-71 (1-12) Practice Quiz II- 10 minutes. Pages 472-73 (1-12)