1. Green engineering and green chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 1

2. Replacement  Different crops (corn, sugar cane, wheat etc.) are used for the production of ethanol through fermentation  Organic waste is used for the production of methane, biogas, through fermentation  Wood can be used for the production of methanol  Extraction of metals is combined with environmental impacts. The alternative is to use recycled metals. 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 2

3. Hydrogen and Fuel Cells vs Fossil Fuels and Combustion  Fossil oil products are totally dominating as fuel, that is energy carrier, for many purposes especially transport.  Alternatives now on the market include ethanol and biogas.  In the long term hydrogen appears to be an even more interesting alternative energy carrier, as it may be used in fuel cells. 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 3

4. Alternatives to Heavy Metals  Organic lead (tetraethyl lead, PbEt 4 ) as anti-knocking agents in petrol was replaced with other compounds.  Replacement of lead with alloys between tin and one or more other metals in soldering of metals.  Replacement of copper wires with optical fibers in various electric equipments.  Mercury has also been replaced in a series of other products. Thus amalgamates for repair of teeth, can today be replaced with either plastics or ceramics. 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 4

5. Biotechnology  Biotechnical alternatives to traditional chemical processes are being developed and more and more introduced in large scale production processes.  Micro-organisms are being used in industrial production to produce many important chemicals, antibiotics, organic compounds and pharmaceuticals. 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 5

6. Components of Biotechnology  Cultivation of biological cells for technical purposes  Genetic change of cells, also referred to as genetic engineering  Use of isolated bio-molecules, especially enzymes, for technical purposes 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 6

7. Enzymes for Leather Tanning  The chemicals mainly responsible for pollution in the pre-tanning are lime, sodium sulfide, caustic soda as well as salt and degreasing solvents.  By introducing enzymatic treatment of the hides in the pre-tanning stages substantial reduction of hazardous pollutants is achieved. 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 7

8. 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 8

9.  Mission: enhance and expand efforts to identify and address major knowledge gaps in green growth theory and practice help countries design and implement green growth policy 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 9

10. Molecular Design for Social and Economic Needs Health Sustainability Converging Technologies - Biopharmaceutical properties - Drug delivery - Drug discovery - Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering - Biosensors - Computational modeling - New catalysts - Enzymatic reactions - Hydrogen generation and storage - Renewable energy sources - Processes with low environmental risk - Nanostructures, nanomaterials - Photonics, optoelectronics - Polymer composites - Materials technologies - Surface technologies - Computational modelling - Sensors Pharmaceuticals Food Security Transport Industrial Processes Next Manufacturing 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 10

11. PROJECTS/PLATFORMS 1. New molecules with specific biochemical properties 2. Polymer systems for functional and structural properties 3. Novel products and processes for sustainable chemistry 4. Nano-structured systems with electronic properties 5. Molecular based design and modification of coatings 6. Enabling technologies for drug discovery 7. Predictive modeling of functionalities 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 11

12. Progetto PM-P03 “Innovative products and processes for sustainablechemistry“ Reuse and Recycle of waste materials Valorization and abatement of pollutants Processoptimization Hydrogentechnology Alternative fuels Sustainableproduction of energy Biorefinery Photovoltaic Conversion of renewablefeedstock Design and development, of new synthetic processes Improve the existing (catalytic) processes The project strategy SUSTAINABLECHEMISTRY Energy Efficiency and selectivity Valorization of Valorization ofrenewableresources STRATEGICOBJECTIVES Environmentalissues 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 12

13.  Valorization  Valorization to provide for the maintaining of the value or price of (a commercial commodity) by a government's purchasing the  Abatement  Abatement suppression or termination 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 13

14. HYDROLAB H 2 PHOTOBIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION FROM NON SULFUREUS RED BACTERIA FROM VEGETAL WASTES AND SOLAR ENERGY Vegetal wastes compost Organic acids H2H2H2H2 Lacto bacteria Red bacteria Solar energy Highlights 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 14

15.  Enhanced global warming  Depletion of resources (not only fuels!)  Food shortages  Shortages of potable water  Population growth - aging  Waste & pollution SOCIETAL CHALLANGES FOOD +70% by 2050 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 15

16. In 2009, European Member States and the European Commission identified Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) for their potential impact in strengthening Europe's industrial and innovation capacity. Six KETs  Nanotechnology  Micro and nanoelectronics  Advanced materials  Photonics  Industrial biotechnology  Advanced manufacturing systems KEY ENANBLIG TECHNOLOGY 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 16

17. Whilst European R&D is generally strong in new KET technologies, the HLG has observed that the transition from ideas arising from basic research to competitive KETs production is the weakest link in European KET enabled value chains The gap between basic knowledge generation and the subsequent commercialization of this knowledge in marketable products, has been commonly identified across the KETs and is known in broad terms as the "valley of death" issue. THE “VALLEY OF DEATH” 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 17

18. 11/19/2015Green Chemistry Biotechnology Alternatives 18 This “Valley of Death” has been identified in many competitor countries, including the USA, China and Taiwan All have established coordinated programmes in strategically important areas that cover the full innovation chain addressing basic and applied research, demonstrators, standardization measures, deployment and market access, all at the same time and, significantly, in a logical joined-up manner.

19. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO KETS FOR FUTURE COMPETITIVENESS: THREE PILLAR BRIDGE MODEL TO PASS ACROSS THE "VALLEY OF DEATH " The technological research pillar based on technological facilities supported by research technology organisation; The product development pillar based on pilot lines and demonstrator supported by industrial consortia The competitive manufacturing pillar based on globally competitive manufacturing facilities supported by anchor companies.

20. INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY “the application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or non- living materials for the production of knowledge, goods and services.” Main biotechnology techniques :  DNA/RNA.  Proteins and other molecules  Cell and tissue culture and engineering.  Process biotechnology techniques.  Gene and RNA vectors  Bioinformatics  Nanobiotechnology

21. Emerging Trend Biological Intermediates substituting petrochemical building blocks

22. Synthetic biology  very important step forward, since it allows designing chemicals that would not occur by natural pathways.  to obtain “unnatural” products by modifying bacteria (i.e. Escherichia coli) or modifying yeasts opens a wide new field for the production of tailor made chemicals for very different purposes.  Advanced research synthetic biology, - At present the genetic modification of bacteria allows to obtain for example tailor recombinant polymers (protein, polysaccharides ect.) or foreseen applications as elimination of toxic residues ect.

23. ………still limitation in process sustainability - Sources - Energy balance in different processing steps - Environmental impact in the processing steps (chemicals, etc) - Economic balance - Product stability - Interfaces - Regulation - Ethical Issue To overcome the limitation of actual process sustainability