4. Natural Vegetation

5. North Sea--there is a lot of oil there Fjords--jagged cliffy drops to the Sea on the Scandinavian Peninsula Chp. 11 sec. 1

6. More Fjords

7. Polders--land reclaimed from the sea in the Netherlands, through dams, etc. Rivers and Canals—major transportation links black earth--Chernozem

8. Traffic on the Danube

9. Planning a polder

10. Another polder?

11. effects of North Atlantic Drift & prevailing westerlies--warmer than the latitude would indicate in England, France, and near the coast coal and iron ore--a resource of Europe which contributed to the industrial revolution

12. Climates Chp. 11 sec. 2

13. their demographics--high GDP, high life expectancy, low population growth rate, low infant mortality rate, low percentage of population under age 15, high literacy rate Chp. 12 sec. 1

14. Greece and Rome--birthplace of western democracy exploration, colonization, imperialism-- led to the spread of European culture to much of the world population patterns--highly urbanized population density--one of world  s most densely populated areas Chp. 12 sec. 2

15. Ruhr Valley--industrial center near a mineral deposit of coal and iron ore Po Valley--another industrial center near mineral deposits Mountain Regions—tourism educated workforce--one of the resources of Europe

16. the Industrial revolution--began in England, spread to Germany, etc. ethnic groups--many different languages, religions, customs, etc...this in turn, has led to periodic wars and conflicts--such as WWI & II and the trouble in Yugoslavia today.

17. NATO--North Atlantic Treaty Organization-- formed years ago to protect against communism, now an organization in search of a mission interdependence--trade is very important to these nations, particularly to island nations such as the U.K. Socialism--the government plays a large role in some of their economies, and a larger role than in the U.S. in almost all of them, the government owns the major industries, they have government health care, etc. Chp. 13 sec. 1

19. Land Use Chp. 13 sec. 1

20. a village in the Alps

21. Ruhr Valley

22. industrial development in Eastern and Western Europe--Eastern Europe is far behind, - cause they used to be Communists European Union--grew out of the European Common Market

23. Farming--advanced techniques--high yields, fertile soil, infrastructure--communication, transportation, electronics, etc. in place the Chunnel-- runs between the U.K. and France, a tunnel under the English Channel

25. Change in Easter Europe--they have gone to capitalism from communism in the past 15 years. Areas threatened by pollution--Forests (Black Forest), cities (Venice), Rivers (Rhine, Danube, Seine)

26. Black Forest

27. The Cultural Landscape

28. Eiffel Tower--Paris

29. Arc de Triumph--Paris

30. Louvre - Paris

31. Notra Dame--Paris

32. Colosseum - Rome

33. Leaning Tower - Pisa --Italy

34. St. Peter’s Basilica -Rome

36. Parthenon

37. Westminster Abbey

38. Big Ben - London

39. Windmills - Netherlands

41. Castles—throughout Eruope