1. Stellar Activity in the Kepler Era Tom Ayres (CASA)

2. Activity
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Talk deals with lower rungs of Drake’s Ladder, where, sadly, sexiness is low, but on positive side, knowledge content is high Note that main focus of Kepler mission is much higher on ladder!

3. Outline What is “Activity?” (Sun-like stars)
Stellar Cycles & Irradiances
Spots & Rotation (A.Brown: Fri; Meibom: Tues; Garcia: Fri; Soderblom: Wed [flares])
Seismology (T.Brown: Thur [LCOGT])
Guiding question:
Is Sun ‘normal’ in cosmic scheme of things?

4. Solar Activity
Solar minimum at left; maximum at right; dramatic changes in sunspot counts over 11 yr cycle

5. Sunspots are regions of multi-kilogauss magnetic fields

6. Sunspot numbers vary (erratically) over 11-yr period, with polarity reversals over 22-yr Hale cycle, and migrate from high latitudes to low (“butterfly diagram”)

7. Surface magnetic activity strongly influences solar outer atmosphere, including 1 MK corona

8. Fe XII l195 (1 MK) coronal emission persists at spot minimum (left ; max at right). ‘Fuzzy ball’ devolves from magnetic carpet: small clumps of flux built by local dynamo, independent of deep seated el jefe dynamo responsible for sunspots and their decadal cycling: lack of spots doesn’t mean lack of activity

9. Activity H-R Diagram
Activity appears confined to ‘cool stars’, in convective half of H-R diagram
Not coincidence! Originally thought to signal lack of acoustic energy, but dynamo needs convection too
(and rotation)

10. Stellar Activity Cycles
Long term Ca II emissions of nearby field star closely mimic Sun’s cycle. Visible brightness changes of Sun only few milli-mags, in positive correlation with sunspots (Radick, Lockwood, Skiff, & Baliunas 1998)

11. More examples (from SSS: Hall et al. 2008)

12. Most late-type stars of near-solar color show long term variations in Ca II emission, many cyclic. Others, typically low RHK and often subgiants, are ‘flat activity’ (Radick et al. 1998)

13. Solar variations on long (and short) timescales fall close to stars of similar activity (Radick et al. ’98; Lockwood et al. 2007)

14. Case Study: Alpha Cen AB
Alpha Centauri triple system. Two solar-like stars about 20 au apart (Sun-Uranus); dim red dwarf 10,000 au away
Slightly metal rich compared with Sun, slightly older by ~1 Gyr. G2V primary (“A”) is near twin of our own star

15. In 2005, XMM reported complete disappearance of Alpha Cen A corona
In 2005, XMM reported complete disappearance of Alpha Cen A corona. Since ‘00 Alpha Cen orbital separation closing rapidly: no longer easily resolvable by XMM, still trivial for Chandra. HRC campaign (since Oct ‘05) captures both stars.

16. Coronal histories: A=blue B=red Sun=black (yellow: Cyc shifted in time); bottom panel: Chandra (dots) & XMM (shaded, scaled). B has
~8 yr cycle, rising to new max. No clear period for A, modest cycle depth (‘flat activity’ star?)

17. Rotation-Age-Activity Connection
’Skumanich laws’ confirm importance of dynamo, creating high levels of activity in fast rotating stars, but also root of magnetic braking, which ultimately quenches activity.

18. Week in life of Sun as seen by SDO/HMI
Week in life of Sun as seen by SDO/HMI. Sunspot passages create dimmings in visible light curves, but surrounding plage regions cause overall increase in irradiance.

19. Kepler can measure rotation periods, diff rotation, and photometric changes associated with starspot evolution…trick is to disentangle latter two effects.

20. Evolution of sunspot fields often accompanied by significant super-rotational motions

21. Starspot modeling for two Kepler objects

22. Key issue in contemporary solar physics: “flux emergence”…will be tricky for Kepler to make any progress in this area.

23. What about seismology?
Here are 1-min measurements from Virgo instrument on SOHO (vs. ~50 mmag changes seen in spotted stars).

24. Asteroseismology Impact
Mode frequencies sensitive to magnetic structure: cycle induced frequency shifts? (Garcia et al. 2010, Science, CoRot)
Rotation/differential rotation from mode splittings (Karnoff et al. 2009, MNRAS)
Convection zone depth (ibid); age (Mathur)
Highly demanding on precision of acoustic frequencies; requires bright stars; Sun in the “sour spot”

25. GONG Solar torsional oscillations; equatorial branch originates several yrs before appearance of first sunspots of new cycle; Cycle 25??

26. Measurements of large scale coronal topology using green line (forbidden iron); “rush to the poles” seen in previous cycles is late or absent.

27. Right: solar oxygen in trouble too
Left: Mean field strength of sunspots, and temperature contrast, declining: all this together suggests approaching Maunder minimum?
Right: solar oxygen in trouble too

28. Conclusions
Kepler will make fundamental contributions to the understanding of stellar activity by exploiting two complementary aspects of the precision photometry: spot modulations (surface activity, rotation & diff rotation, flares) and asteroseismology (rotation, diff rotation [?], internal structure, age, cycles). A third possibility – correlations of luminosity with spottedness – will be possible if absolute accuracy is achieved.