1. 2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons

2. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic

3. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic AlkanesAlkanes AlkynesAlkynes AlkenesAlkenes

4. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkanesAlkanes Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. C C H H H HHH

5. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkenesAlkenes Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon double bond. C C H H HH

6. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkynesAlkynes Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon triple bond. HCCH

7. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromatic The most common aromatic hydrocarbons are those that contain a benzene ring. H H H HHH

8. 2.2 Reactive Sites in Hydrocarbons

9. Functional Group a structural unit in a molecule responsible for its characteristic behavior under a particular set of reaction conditions

10. AlkanesAlkanes functional group is a hydrogen reaction that takes place is substitution one of the hydrogens is replaced by some other atom or group R—H R—X

11. AlkanesAlkanes functional group is a hydrogen reaction that takes place is substitution one of the hydrogens is replaced by some other atom or group R—H R—X + Cl 2 C C H H H HHH + HCl C C H Cl H HHH

12. Functional Groups in Hydrocarbons alkanesRH alkenesdouble bond alkynestriple bond arenesArH

13. 2.3 The Key Functional Groups

14. Families of organic compounds and their functional groups AlcoholsROH Alkyl halidesRX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Aminesprimary amine: RNH 2 secondary amine: R 2 NH secondary amine: R 2 NH tertiary amine: R 3 N tertiary amine: R 3 N

15. Families of organic compounds and their functional groups EthersROR' NitrilesRC NitroalkanesRNO 2 ThiolsRSH Epoxides C C O N

16. Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O C Carbonyl group O C Acyl group R

17. Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O C Carbonyl group O C Aldehyde R H

18. Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O C Carbonyl group O C Ketone R R'

19. Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O C Carbonyl group O C Carboxylic acid R OH

20. Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O C Carbonyl group O C Ester R OR'

21. Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group O C Carbonyl group O C Amide R NH 2

22. 2.4 Introduction to Alkanes: Methane, Ethane, and Propane C n H 2n+2

23. The simplest alkanes Methane (CH 4 ) CH 4 Ethane (C 2 H 6 )CH 3 CH 3 Propane (C 3 H 8 )CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 bp -160°C bp -89°C bp -42°C

24. 2.5 Isomeric Alkanes: The Butanes C 4 H 10

25. n-ButaneCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Isobutane(CH 3 ) 3 CH bp -0.4°C bp -10.2°C

26. 2.6 Higher n-Alkanes

27. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 n-Pentane n-Hexane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 n-Heptane

28. 2.7 The C 5 H 12 Isomers

29. n-Pentane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Isopentane (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 Neopentane (CH 3 ) 4 C C 5 H 12

30. The number of isomeric alkanes increases as the number of carbons increase. There is no simple way to predict how many isomers there are for a particular molecular formula. How many isomers?

31. Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes CH 4 1 C 2 H 6 1 C 3 H 8 1 C 4 H 10 2 C 5 H 12 3 C 6 H 14 5 C 7 H 16 9

32. Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes CH 4 1 C 8 H 18 18 C 2 H 6 1 C 9 H 20 35 C 3 H 8 1 C 10 H 22 75 C 4 H 10 2 C 15 H 32 4,347 C 5 H 12 3 C 20 H 42 366,319 C 6 H 14 5 C 40 H 82 62,491,178,805,831 C 7 H 16 9