1. Chapter 11 Haloalkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
Functional Groups
Haloalkanes
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

2. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999
Functional Groups
Part of an organic molecule where chemical reactions take place
Composed of an atom or group of atoms
Replace a H in the corresponding alkane
Provide a way to classify organic compounds
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

3. Some Types of Functional Groups
Haloalkane -F, -Cl, -Br CH3Cl
Alcohol -OH CH3OH
Ether -O- CH3-O-CH3
Aldehyde
Ketone
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

4. More Functional Groups
Carboxylic acid -COOH CH3COOH
Ester COO- CH3COOCH3
Amine NH2 CH3NH2
Amide -CONH2 CH3CONH2
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

5. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999
Haloalkanes
An alkane in which one or more H atoms is replaced with a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I)
CH3Br 1-bromomethane
Br (methyl bromide)
CH3CH2CHCH3 2-bromobutane Cl
chlorocyclobutane
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

6. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999
Learning Check HA1
Name the following:
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

7. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999
Solution HA1
Name the following:
bromocyclopentane
1,3-dichlorocyclohexane
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

8. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999
Substituents
List other attached atoms or group in alphabetical order
Br = bromo, Cl = chloro
Cl Br
CH3CHCH2CHCH2CH2CH3
4-bromo-2-chloroheptane
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

9. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999
Learning Check HA2
The name of this compound is:
Cl CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3
1) 2,4-dimethylhexane
2) 3-chloro-5-methylhexane
3) 4-chloro-2-methylhexane
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

10. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999
Solution HA2
The name of this compound is:
Cl CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3
3) 4-chloro-2-methylhexane
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

11. Haloalkanes as Anesthetics
Halothane (Fluothane)
F Cl
F C C Br
F H
Fluothane is a haloalkane that is widely used as an anesthetic, which is a compound that decreases the ability of the nerve cells to conduct pain.
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

12. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999
Ozone Layer
Ozone layer
Stratosphere
(10-30 miles
Above Earth)
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

13. Chlorofuorocarbons (CFCs and the Ozone Layer
ozone O3 layer absorbs most of the sun’s harmful radiation.
CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons - are depleting that ozone layer.
CFCs are used as Freons in refrigeration,
air conditioning, and foam insulation.
Their use in spray cans is no longer allowed.
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

14. Chlorofuorocarbons and the Ozone Layer
In the stratosphere, the CFCs react with
the high-energy UV radiation from the sun
UV light
CF2Cl CF2Cl + Cl
Freon free radical
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

15. Chlorofuorocarbons and the Ozone Layer
To become stable, the Cl acquires an electron from ozone O3 and produces ClO.
Cl O3 ClO + O2
The presence of ClO in the atomosphere is an indicator of the disappearance of ozone.
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

16. Impact of Loss of Ozone Layer
According to the National Academy of
Sciences, each 1% loss of ozone increases
by 2% the amount of UV radiation reaching
the earth. More UV radiation means more
skin cancer and cataracts in humans, more
intense photochemical smog, and lower crop
yields.
Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999