1. Functional Groups 18.2

2. Functional Groups
Any element/compound added to a parent chain that effect its chemical behavior
Substituted hydrocarbon
Functional groups you must learn:
Double bonds (Alkenes)
Triple bonds (Alkynes)
Halogens
Alcohols
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Ethers
Ketones/Aldehydes
Amines/Amides

3. Writing Functional Groups
R symbol of any hydrocarbon
R’ symbol for a second hydrocarbon; maybe the same as R or may be different
X symbol of any element within a certain group
When oxygen is connected to carbon with a single bound -O-
When oxygen is connected to carbon with a double bound -CO- -C=O-

4. Halogenated Compounds
Hydrocarbon + a Halogen
R-X; X= F (floro), Cl (cloro), Br (bromo), or I (iodo)
High density; often used in solvents and refrigerants
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in aerosol cans and air conditioners (Freon) but have been shown to remove Ozone (O3) from the atmosphere
2-bromopentane
1-chloromethylcyclohexane

5. Alcohols Hydrocarbon + Hydroxyl Group R-O-H
Polar molecules, high boiling points, water-soluble
Solvents, disinfectants, antifreeze, etc…
Ethanol used in many products that kill bacteria; produced by adding water to Ethene gas
Drop last “e” of any hydrocarbon and add “-ol”
2-butanol
trans-2-pentanol
2-methyl-2-butanol

6. Carboxylic Acids Hydrocarbon + Carboxyl Group
R-COOH; First O is double bonded to Carbon which also has a Hydroxyl group
Acidic, strong odors, water-soluble
Vinegar, toxins, spoiled dairy
Drop last “e” and add “-oic acid”
Pheromones carboxylic acids used by living things to communicate to each other; strong smells can travel distances and express emotions/states of being
Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid

7. Esters Hydrocarbon + Carboxylic group + a second Hydrocarbon R-COO-R’
Strong aromas, volatile
Scents in perfumes, back-bone of DNA, fat storage in cells
Carboxylic group is parent chain; drop “e” + “oate”
R’ is treated like a side group
methyl methanoate
ethyl ethanoate
phenyl ethanoate

8. Ethers Hydrocarbon + Hydroxyl Group + a second Hydrocarbon R-O-R’
Unreactive, insoluble in water, volatile
Anesthetics (pain killer), Dissolving fats
Name both hydrocarbons as side groups and then add “ether”
Diethyl ether effective anesthetic because is dissolves through plasma membrane
1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether
1,2-dimethylbutyl ethyl ether
methylcyclohexyl methyl ether

9. Ketones and Aldehydes Aldehyde Hydrocarbon + Carbonyl Group
R-CO-H
Ketone Carbonyl Group + 2 hydrocarbons
R-CO-R’
Very reactive, specific odors
Solvents, plastics and adhesives (glue)
Aldehyde drop last “e” + add “-al”
Ketone drop “-ane”, add position number, add “-one”
ethanal
phenylethone
cyclohexanal
2-methyl-3-pentone

10. Amines and Amides Amines Hydrocarbon + Amino group
R-NH2
Basic, ammonia odor
Amide Hydrocarbon + Carbonyl and Amino Groups
R-CO-NH2
Neutral
Solvents; Amino acids; Proteins; hormones
Amines drop “e”, add position number, add “-amine”
Amide drop “e” + “-amide”
N,N-dimethyl
methanamide
N-methyl
ethanamine

11. Creating Polymers Glucose Glucose Nucleotides Amino acids
Polymers are long chains of repeating units (monomers)
Names of polymers:
Starch
Cellulose
DNA
Protein
Teflon
Monomers are joined through various reactions based on their structure
Glucose
Glucose
Nucleotides
Amino acids
Tetrafluoroethylene

12. Polymerization Reactions
Addition Reaction:
Monomers are added to growing polymers
Often a double bond is broken as Carbon connect
Condensation Reaction:
Monomers units with H atoms and hydroxyl groups (-OH) build polymers
H atom and –OH break away to make H2O

13. Rubber and Oils Cross-linking: Fractional Distillation:
Various polymers are heated together which allows many connecting points
The more connection points the stronger the rubber
Fractional Distillation:
Longer polymers have higher boiling points
Oils can be separated by boiling them together; high density oils will remain on the bottom while low density oils move towards the top

14. Breaking Down Polymers
Cracking:
Break large polymers into monomers or smaller polymers using a catalyst
Can convert alkane polymers into alkene monomers
Recycling plastics:
Thermoplastics can be melted down to form new plastics from a liquid polymer
Thermosetting plastics cannot be melted down easily because of crosslinking
Causing landfill problems