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Macromolecules Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids
Many small organic compounds Large organic molecules Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids You are what you eat
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POLYMERS Monomer Dimer Trimer Covalent bonds between monomers
Like a choo-choo train Chains of repeating units Covalent bonds between monomers Monomer Dimer Trimer
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dehydration synthesis
Polymer Synthesis dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction Joins monomers by “taking” H2O out One monomer provides OH The other monomer provides H Together these form H2O requires energy & enzymes
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“A glass of water with your meal?”
Let’s Eat! HYDROLYSIS “A glass of water with your meal?” Reverse of Dehydration Synthesis H2O is split into H and OH H & OH group attach where the covalent bond used to be
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Carbohydrates
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The Basics Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydrate C H2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6 Function: Energy source energy storage Raw materials structural materials Monomer: (simple sugars)
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What’s in a Name? Most names for sugars end in -ose
Classified by number of carbons in the ring 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
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Functional Groups carbonyl aldehyde ketone hydroxyl
Get familiar with these carbonyl aldehyde ketone hydroxyl Oh, that’s a hydroxyl
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Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions
Carbons are numbered
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Number those carbons C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' C C 3' 2'
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Simple to Complex Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars glucose Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers starch
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Building Disaccharides
Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage
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Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars Function:
costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: Energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) Building materials = structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)
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Branched vs linear polysaccharides
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Polysaccharide diversity
Stereoisomers
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Eat This!
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Cellulose Can’t miss it!
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Which food will get into your blood more quickly? apple rice cakes
corn flakes bagel peanut M&M Glycemic Index apple rice cakes corn flakes bagel peanut M&M 33 Measure of how rapidly food will cause blood glucose to increase.
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