1. Earth

2. Related Sciences

3. Chaos Theory How long is the coastline of the United States? Depends on the length of the ruler used…

4. Chaos Theory Weather models….. Only as good as the number of variables inputted…. Butterfly Effect: In a remote part of the Amazon jungle, a butterfly alights upon a tree limb. The butterfly rests there for a moment, and then flutters its wings. A week later, the weather in New York is affected. No instruments presently known could measure the perturbation, but it happens. It is called “the Butterfly Effect.” This strange effect promotes the idea that in a chaotic system, a very small change to that system applied at a certain point in time makes the future change in a very dramatic way. Something as small as a butterfly flapping its wings now might affect the weather system on a global scale six months in the future. Earth systems are all interrelated, and small variables can cause significant changes.

5. Catastrophism All the Earth’s great landforms are the result of great catastrophes. Grand Canyon

6. Europe

7. Castle Edinburgh Castle, Scotland

8. Arthur’s Seat

9. Hutton Sign James Hutton

10. Hutton’s Section

11. Uniformitarianism The present is the key to the past

12. Present day processes

13. Time

14. Geologic Time Jan 1 Dec 31 Origin of the Earth: January 1 Oldest known rocks: Early March Living things appear in oceans: May Land plants and organisms: Late November Dinosaurs: Dominant from mid-December to the 26th On the 31st: Humans appear: 11:49pm End of last ice age: 11:58:17pm Fall of Roman Empire: 11:59:49pm Columbus: 11:59:57pm World War I: 11:59:59.4pm Y2K: 11:59:59.9993pm Every real year equates to 1/7000 of a second

15. Earth’s Interior Inner core: Solid iron Outer core: Molten metallic Ni and Fe Mantle: 82% of Earth’s volume. Fe and Mg-rich rock. Mesosphere: Strong and rigid

16. Tectonic Plates Crust + Rigid upper mantle (lithosphere)