1. The Changing Face of Africa’s Legislatures: Women and Quotas Aili Mari Tripp

5. What difference do quota’s make?

8. Types of quotas: Mandated by parties Mandated by constitution or legislation

17. International women’s movement

18. Pressured regional bodies African Union: 2003 Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa SADC: 1997 declaration ECOWAS: 1997 treaty

19. Sought one third representation in: East African Legislative Assembly ECOWAS West African Economic and Monetary Union

20. Sought at least 50% representation in African Union

21. Introduction of multipartyism

22. Growth of independent organizations with new agendas and leaders

27. Demise of women’s wings and mass organizations tied to ruling single-party or state Nana Rawlings December 31st Women’s Movement

28. New Organizations: Selected own leaders Had independent sources of funds Introduced new issues, e.g., domestic violence, rape, reproductive rights, media portrayals of women, sex education, politics

30. Green Belt Movement, Kenya

31. Members of Egi Women's Council in Erema, Egiland, Nigeria

32. Diffusion factor: Senegal 2000 parliamentary elections Symbolic appeals to women voters Creation of new state patronage networks

33. Increase in educational opportunities for girls and women

38. New donor funds

56. What difference have women made? Constitutional changes Legislative changes: land rights, inheritance, citizenship, property rights, domestic violence, rape