1. Renal physiology
Lifeng Wang

2. OBJECTIVE To learn the technique of bladder intubation;
To observe the factors that influence urine formation;
To analyze the mechanisms of how these factors act.

3. Principles

4. Kidney -- nephron nephron Renal cortex Renal pyramid Renal medulla
Renal pelvis
Renal pyramid
Ureter

5. Structure of kidney
Nephron

6. Processes of Urine formation
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

7. Factors affecting the three processes of unrine formation
The regulation of glomerular filtration rate(GFR)
EFP
glomerular capillary blood pressure
glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure
bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
renal plasma flow
The position of filtration equilibrium
glomerular capillary filtration coefficient
The condition of filtration membrane

8. Factors affecting the three processes of unrine formation
The regulation of tubular reabsorption and secretion
Effect of solute concentration in the tubular fluid and osmotic diuresis
Osmotic diuresis
Glomerulotubular balance

9. Factors affecting the three processes of unrine formation
Nervous regulation
Sympathetic nerve fibers(+) →urine formation↓
Renal blood flow↓
Na+ reabsorption ↑
Rennin releasing↑
Hormonal regulation
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)→urine formation↓
Water reabsorption↑
RAAS(Renin-angiotensin-aldsterone system) →urine formation↓

10. EQUIPMENTS AND DRUGS BL-420 biological functional experimental system
blood pressure transducer
arterial cannula
double concave clip
iron-stand
three-way tap
stimulating electrode ……
Jungular anatomy of rabbit

11. METHODS AND PROCEDURES
SAMPLE: rabbit
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Weigh, anaesthesia and fixing rabbit
Dosage,Speed and position of injection
Operation
Cut open the skin, separate the subcutaneous tissue and muscle to expose the trachea
Endotracheal intubation: “⊥”shape
Separate the nerves and the left common carotid artery:
Separate the nerves: vagus nerve,
Intubation in the left common carotid artery:
Connect the arterial cannula with BL-420 biological functional experimental system
Intubation in the urinary bladder or urethra

12. ITEMS FOR OBSERVATION
Observes the normal blood pressure and urine volume
Injection of Normal saline(15~20ml, 38℃)
stimulate the peripheral side of vagus nerve, and make the blood pressure fluctuate around 50mmHg for 15~20 seconds
Injection of 25% glucose solution(5ml, 38℃
Injection of 1/10000 noradrenalin (0.3~0.5ml)
Injection of furosemide (0.5ml)
Injection of pituitrin(3~5 Iu)

13. QUESTIONS and PRECAUTIONS
Analyze the mechanisms of each result
PRECAUTIONS
Injection should be slow during anaesthesia
Protect the the marginal vein in the ear
Avoid injury of nerve and artery
Observe the next item until the effect of previous one die away.