1. Quantitative Genetics Chapter 25

2. Overview Complex traits = characteristics that are determined by several genes and are significantly influenced by environmental factors. Quantitative traits = traits that can be described numerically. Quantitative genetics = the field of genetics that studies the mode of inheritance of complex or quantitative traits.

3. Quantitative Traits Humans all have the same basic anatomical features (two eyes, two ears, etc.) but differ in quantitative ways. – People vary in height, weight, the shape of facial features, pigmentation, and many other characteristics.

4. Quantitative Traits, cont. Quantitative traits can be broken down into 4 main categories: 1.Anatomical 2.Physiological 3.Behavioral 4.Diseases

5. Measurement of Quantitative Traits The measurement of quantitative traits is essential when comparing individuals or evaluating groups of individuals. – For example: it is not very informative to say that two people are tall, but if we say that one person is 6 feet 4 inches and the other is 6 feet 7 inches. ***quantitative measurement is how we describe phenotype.

6. Biometrics Created in the early 1900’s by Francis Galton and his student Karl Pearson (no relation) in England. = the statistical study of biological traits.

7. Example Ears of corn have the following lengths: 15, 14, 13, 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 15, and 15. In genetics we are often interested in the amount of phenotypic variation that exists in a group. A common way to evaluate variation within a population is with a statistic called the variance, which is the measure of the variation from the mean.

8. Variance = the sum of the squared deviations from the mean divided by degrees of freedom. Corn example: = 4(15-15) 2 + 2(14-15) 2 + (13-15) 2 + 2(16-15) 2 + (17-15) 2 = 0 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 4 = 12cm 2 /9 = 1.33 cm 2 = Variance

9. Standard Deviation Standard Deviation = the square root of the variance. For the corn example the variance was 1.33, so the standard deviation is 1.15 cm. See figure 25.2 on pg. 700

10. Discussion Agree or Disagree: Our school grading scale should be based on the normal distribution (fig. 25.2 on pg. 700). – Write at least 1 paragraph explaining your reasoning.

11. Assignment Read pg. 708-710 Do pg. 722: C1, C3, and C7. Copy the meanings of the following variables down in your notes: – V G – V E – V GxE – V G↔E – V T